Phonology

Sound inventory and phonological rules

28 consonants
8 vowels

Consonant Inventory

MannerBilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
Plosive
pb
·
·
td
·
·
kg
·
·
Nasal
m
·
·
n
·
·
·
·
·
Trill
·
·
·
r
·
·
·
·
·
Tap/Flap
·
·
·
ɾ
·
·
·
·
·
Fricative
·
fv
θð
sz
ʃʒ
·
xɣ
ʁ
h
Affricate
·
·
·
ts
·
·
·
·
Approximant
·
·
·
·
·
j
w
·
·
Lateral approximant
·
·
·
l
·
·
·
·
·

Vowel Inventory

HeightFrontCentralBack
Close
iy
·
u
Near-close
ɪ
··
Close-mid··
o
Open-mid
œ
··
Near-open
æ
··
Open
a
··

Syllable Structure

(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Phonological Rules

/r/ → [ɾ] / V_V  (intervocalic flap/tap between vowels)
/r/ → [r] / #_   (rolled trill word-initially)
/r/ → [r] / _#   (rolled trill word-finally)
/n/ + /g/ → [ŋg] / V_V
/n/ + /g/ → [ŋ] / #_
/n/ + /g/ → [ŋ] / _#
/n/ → [ŋ] / _k
/x/ + /ʁ/ → [χ]  (unvoiced uvular fricative fusion)
/ɣ/ + /j/ → [ʝ]  (hardened voiced palatal fricative)
/t/ + /d/ → [t̪]  (dentalized soft voiceless stop / Spanish t)
/k/ + /g/ → [k]  (unaspirated soft velar stop / Spanish k)
/p/ + /b/ → [p]  (unaspirated soft bilabial stop / Spanish p)
/tʃ/ + /dʒ/ → [tʃ]  (unaspirated soft postalveolar affricate / Spanish ch)
/t/ + /dʒ/ → [tʃ]  (palatalized soft postalveolar affricate / Spanish ch)
/x/ + /j/ → [ç]  (voiceless palatal fricative assimilation / German ich)
/ks/ + /ʃ/ → [kʃ] (standard s sound is removed)
/ɣ/ + /w/ → [ɣʷ]  (labialized voiced velar fricative / ghw sound)
/j/ → [iː] / V_  (glide vocalization following a vowel nucleus)
/dʒ/ + /j/ → [dʒ]  (y-glide elision after voiced affricate)
/tʃ/ + /j/ → [tʃ]  (y-glide elision after voiceless affricate)
/ʒ/ + /j/ → [ʒ]   (y-glide elision after voiced postalveolar fricative)
/ɡ/  → [k]  / _ {t, p, s, tʃ}
/b/  → [p]  / _ {k, s, t, tʃ}
/d/  → [t]  / _ {k, s, p}
/d/  → ∅    / _ {tʃ, t}
/dʒ/ → [tʃ] / _ {k, s, t, p}
/z/  → [s]  / _ {k, t, tʃ, s, p}
/v/  → [f]  / _ {k, s, p, tʃ, t}
/ʒ/  → [ʃ]  / _ {k, t, s, p, tʃ}
/ɣ/  → [x]  / _ C[-voice]
/ʁ/  → [χ]  / _ C[-voice]
/s/ + /ʃ/ → [ʃ]  (s before sh assimilates to long or geminate sh)
/z/ + /ʒ/ → [ʒ]  (z before zh assimilates to long or geminate zh)
/w/ → [u] / V_{#, C}  (labio-velar glide vocalizes to high back vowel [u])

Phoneme Frequency

Distribution of phonemes across 6 transcribed dictionary entries (15 total tokens)

/a/
4 (26.7%)
/n/
3 (20%)
/ε/
2 (13.3%)
/k/
2 (13.3%)
/d/
1 (6.7%)
/t/
1 (6.7%)
/o/
1 (6.7%)
/ks/
1 (6.7%)