Sound inventory and phonological rules
| Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pb | · | · | td | · | kɡ | · | |||||||
| Nasal | m | · | · | n | · | · | · | |||||||
| Trill | · | · | · | r | · | · | · | |||||||
| Fricative | · | fv | θð | s | ʒ | · | h | |||||||
| Lateral approximant | · | · | · | l | · | · | · | |||||||
| Height | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | · | u |
| Near-close | ɪ | · | ʊ |
| Close-mid | e | · | o |
| Mid | · | ə | · |
| Near-open | · | ɐ | · |
| Open | a | · | · |
(C)(V)(C), where C - consonants, V - vowels/p/ → [pʰ] / #_V /t/ → [tʰ] / #_V /k/ → [kʰ] / #_V /s/ → [ʃ]/ /[o, e] /s/ → [z] / _[+voice, +consonantal] /n/ → [m] / _[p b] /n/ → [ɱ] / _[f v] /n/ → [ŋ] / _[k g] /n/ → [ɲ] / _j /l/ → [ʎ] / _j /l/ → [ɫ] / _# , _C /r/ → [ɾ] / C_V /b/ → [β] / V_V /d/ → [ð] / V_V /g/ → [ɣ] / V_V /h/ → ∅ / #_ /h/ → [h] / V_V /i/ → [j] / V_V /i/ → [j] / _V (unstressed) /u/ → [w] / _V (unstressed) /au/ → [oː] / elsewhere /eu/ → [oː] / elsewhere /ou/ → [oː] / elsewhere /ie/ → [eː] / elsewhere /ee/ → [eː] / elsewhere /V/ → [+stress] / _C₀VC₀# /V/ → [ə] / _# (unstressed, polysyllabic words) /V/ → ∅ / _#V (unstressed, word-final) /V/ → [−long] / _Cː /v/ → [b] / elsewhere (Tiversian dialect) /mn/ → [mm] / V_V /θ...θ/ → [d...θ] / within a root /θ...θ/ → [θ...∅] / ethnonym stem + -eze /d/ → [z] / V_V (Latin layer) /d/ → ∅ / V_V (Greek layer)
Distribution of phonemes across 37 transcribed dictionary entries (137 total tokens)