Paradigm Tables

Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Lemdžœsi

Historical Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m /m/	n /n/	—	—
Plosive	p /p/ b /b/	t /t/ d /d/	—	k /k/ g /g/
Fricative	f /f/	s /s/	—	h /x/
Approximate	ƕ /ʍ/ w /w/	l /l/	j /j/	—
Trill	—	r /r/	—	—

Vowels

	Front Unrounded	Front Rounded	Back Unrounded	Back Rounded
High	i /i/	y /y/	ə /ə/	u /u/
Low	e /e/	œ /ø/	a /a/	o /o/

Consonants

	Labial Plain	Labial Palatalized	Alveolar	Post-Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m /m/	m̌ /mʲ/	n /n/	—	ň /ɲ/	—
Plosive	p /p/ b /b/	p̌ /pʲ/ b̌ /bʲ/	t /t/ d /d/	tš /t͡ʃ/ dž /d͡ʒ/	ǩ /c/ ǧ /ɟ/	k /k/ g /g/
Fricative	f /f/ (v /v/)	f̌ /fʲ/ (v̌ /vʲ/)	s /s/ (z /z/)	š /ʃ/ (ž /ʒ/)	ȟ /ç/ (ǰ /ʝ/)	h /x/ (ġ /ɣ/)
Approximate	ƕ /ʍ/ w /w/	w̌ /ɥ/	l /l/	—	j /j/	—
Trill	—	—	r /r/	—	—	—

Verbal Morphology

Imperative verbs receive no ending. For participles, use the adjectivizer plus adjective ending.

	Past	Recent Past	Present	Future
Perfective	fe, fa	se, sa	te, ta	he, ha
Imperfective	pe, pa	se, sa	te, ta	ke, ka
Habitual	p̌e, p̌a	tše, tša	tše, tša	kel, kal

Articular Morphology

	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive	Locative
Proper	džin	tšin	dan	tan	džen
Definite	em	am	en	el	an
Indefinite	p̌e	pa	ka	tše	ta

Pronoun Endings

	Ending
Nominative	-∅
Vocative	-∅
Accusitive	-m
Dative	-l
Genitive	-r
Locative	-n

Pronominal Morphology

	Singular	Dual	Paucal	Plural
1st	dži	du	du	du
2nd Informal	le	lœ	la	la
2nd Formal	lo	lo	lo	lo
3rd Animate	tši	tšy	tə	tu
3rd Inanimate	w̌e	w̌œ	wa	wo

Nominal Morphology

Nouns inflect for case and number with a suffix. The nominative suffixes lose their onsets when attaching to words that end in a consonant. Vocative nouns receive no ending.

	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive	Locative
Singular	(n)i,(n)ə	si,sə	ti,tə	fi,fə	pi,pə
Dual	(n)e,(n)a	se,sa	te,ta	fe,fa	pe,pa
Paucal	(ň)œ,(ň)o	šœ,šo	tšœ,tšo	f̌œ,f̌o	p̌œ,p̌o
Plural	(ň)y,(ň)u	šy,šu	tšy,tšu	f̌y,f̌u	p̌y,p̌u

Labial

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Nasal

m /m/

n /n/

—

Plosive

p /p/ b /b/

t /t/ d /d/

—

k /k/ g /g/

Fricative

f /f/

s /s/

—

h /x/

Approximate

ƕ /ʍ/ w /w/

l /l/

j /j/

—

Trill

—

r /r/

—

Front Unrounded

Front Rounded

Back Unrounded

Back Rounded

High

i /i/

y /y/

ə /ə/

u /u/

Low

e /e/

œ /ø/

a /a/

o /o/

Labial Plain

Labial Palatalized

Alveolar

Post-Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Nasal

m /m/

m̌ /mʲ/

n /n/

—

ň /ɲ/

—

Plosive

p /p/ b /b/

p̌ /pʲ/ b̌ /bʲ/

t /t/ d /d/

tš /t͡ʃ/ dž /d͡ʒ/

ǩ /c/ ǧ /ɟ/

k /k/ g /g/

Fricative

f /f/ (v /v/)

f̌ /fʲ/ (v̌ /vʲ/)

s /s/ (z /z/)

š /ʃ/ (ž /ʒ/)

ȟ /ç/ (ǰ /ʝ/)

h /x/ (ġ /ɣ/)

Approximate

ƕ /ʍ/ w /w/

w̌ /ɥ/

l /l/

—

j /j/

—

Trill

—

r /r/

—

Past

Recent Past

Present

Future

Perfective

fe, fa

se, sa

te, ta

he, ha

Imperfective

pe, pa

se, sa

te, ta

ke, ka

Habitual

p̌e, p̌a

tše, tša

kel, kal

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

Locative

Proper

džin

tšin

dan

tan

džen

Definite

Indefinite

p̌e

tše

Ending

Nominative

-∅

Vocative

-∅

Accusitive

-m

Dative

-l

Genitive

-r

Locative

-n

Singular

Dual

Paucal

Plural

1st

dži

2nd Informal

lœ

2nd Formal

3rd Animate

tši

tšy

tə

3rd Inanimate

w̌e

w̌œ

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

Locative

Singular

(n)i,(n)ə

si,sə

ti,tə

fi,fə

pi,pə

Dual

(n)e,(n)a

se,sa

te,ta

fe,fa

pe,pa

Paucal

(ň)œ,(ň)o

šœ,šo

tšœ,tšo

f̌œ,f̌o

p̌œ,p̌o

Plural

(ň)y,(ň)u

šy,šu

tšy,tšu

f̌y,f̌u

p̌y,p̌u