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Paradigm Tables

Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Kufqo Language

Ordinal Numbers

OrdinalIPAStructureNotes
1qʏɾqʏɾ1first
2kʏkʏ2second
3vʏvʏ3third
4ɽoɽo4fourth
5ðɔlðɔl5fifth
6ðɔqʏɾðɔqʏɾ5+1—
7tɔkʏɾtɔkʏɾ5+2—
8ðɔvʏlðɔvʏl5+3—
9ɽɔtoɽɔto5+4—
10kʏðɔlkʏðɔl2x5tenth
11kʏðɔqʏɾkʏðɔqʏɾ(2x5) + 1—
12gʏðɔkʏɾgʏðɔkʏɾ(2x5) + 1—
13kʏðɔvʏlkʏðɔvʏl(2x5) + 1—
14kʏɽɔtokʏɽɔto(2x5) + 1—
15vʏðɔlvʏðɔl3x5fifteenth
16vʏðɔqʏɾvʏðɔqʏɾ(3x5) + 1—
17vʏtɔkʏɾvʏtɔkʏɾ(3x5) + 1—
18vʏðɔvʏlvʏðɔvʏl(3x5) + 1—
19vʏɽɔtovʏɽɔto(3x5) + 1—
20qaðqað20twentieth
21qam-qʏɾqam-qʏɾ20+1—
22qam-kʏqam-kʏ20+—
23qam-vʏqam-vʏ20+—
24qam-ɽoqam-ɽo20+—
25qam-ðɔlqam-ðɔl20+—
30qam-kʏðɔlqam-kʏðɔl20 + (2x5)thirtieth
40gʏ-qaðgʏ-qað2x20—
45gʏ-qam-ðɔlgʏ-qam-ðɔl2x20fourty-fifth

Cardinal Numbers

CardinalIPAStructureNotes
1qʏqʏ1one
2gʏgʏ2two
3bʏbʏ3three
4ðoðo4four
5tɔltɔl5five
6tɔl-qʏtɔl-qʏ5+1six
7tɔl-gʏtɔl-gʏ5+2seven
8tɔl-bʏtɔl-bʏ5+3eight
9tɔl-ðotɔl-ðo5+4nine
10gʏtɔlgʏtɔl2x5two hands
10 (alt)mʏqammʏqam1/2 of 20half-body-count
11gʏtɔl-qʏgʏtɔl-qʏ(2x5) + 1eleven
12gʏtɔl-gʏgʏtɔl-gʏ(2x5) + 2twelve
13gʏtɔl-bʏgʏtɔl-bʏ(2x5) + 3thirteen
14gʏtɔl-ðogʏtɔl-ðo(2x5) + 4fourteen
15bʏtɔlbʏtɔl3x5fifteen
15 (alt)ʕavqamʕavqam3/4 of 20three-quarters-body-count
16bʏtɔl-qʏbʏtɔl-qʏ(3x5) + 1sixteen
17bʏtɔl-gʏbʏtɔl-gʏ(3x5) + 2seventeen
18bʏtɔl-bʏbʏtɔl-bʏ(3x5) + 3eighteen
19bʏtɔl-ðobʏtɔl-ðo(3x5) + 4nineteen
20qamqam20body-count
21qam-qʏqam-qʏ20 + 1twenty one
22qam-gʏqam-gʏ20 + 2twenty two
23qam-bʏqam-bʏ20 + 3twenty three
24qam-ðoqam-ðo20 + 4twenty four
25qam-tɔlqam-tɔl20 + 5twenty five
30qam-gʏtɔlqam-gʏtɔl20 + 10thirty
40gʏ-qamgʏ-qam2x20fourty
60bʏ-qambʏ-qam3x20sixty
80ðo-qamðo-qam4x20eighty
100tɔl-qamtɔl-qam5x20hundred

Inflection / Tonal Gender

Qʏfqo does not mark sex through separate lexical roots or grammatical gender classes. Instead, reference is differentiated prosodically, with male and female readings expressed through tonal and phonetic inflection on a single underlying form.
UndifferenciatedMaleFemale
Selfðʏqavðʏ̤̈˨˩
Personqavqɑ˦vqɐ̤˨˩v
Adressedɾʉɾʉ̞˦ɾʉ̤̈˨˩
Adresseeɾʉðɾʉ̞ð˦ɾʉ̤̈ð˨
Child (own)bʏɹbʏ̞ɹ˦bʏ̤̈ɹ˨˩
Child (general)ˈbʏɹoˈbʏ̞˦ɹoˈbʏ̤̈˨˩ɹo
Spouseˈvɔɾoˈvɔ̞˦ɾoˈvo̤˨˩ɾo
Friendˈʙʉboˈʙʉ̞˦boˈʙʉ̤̈˨˩bo
Parentɽivɽiv˦ɽɪ̤̈˨˩v
Aunt / Unclebʏɹqitɽi˦vqitɽɪ̤̈˨˩vqit
Cousinɽivqitbʏ̞˦ɹqitbʏ̤̈˨˩ɹqit
Grandchildmɔbʏɹmɔ̞˦bʏɹmo̤˨˩bʏɹ
Grandparentmɔɽivmɔ̞˦ɽivvo̤˨˩kvif
Non-Human (e.g. animal)vɔkvifvɔ̞˦kvifvo̤˨˩kvif

Example Clauses

These sample clauses show how Qʏfqo’s core systems interact in actual usage, including deictic frame, polarity, speaker-state marking, allocutive agreement, and politeness. They are intended as compact model sentences rather than a full corpus.
FormTranslationLeipzig GlossUse CaseNotes
Proximal negativeði ðʏ vonɔ fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾiHere, I do not go home.PROX 1SG house go-NEG-STATE.CALM-ALLOC.PEERBasic proximal negative clauseCanonical local-frame SOV order
Proximal asserted positiveði ðʏ vonɔ na fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾiHere, I do go home.PROX 1SG house ASSERT go-NEG-STATE.CALM-ALLOC.PEERMarked affirmative in proximal frameDouble negation yields asserted positive
Distal asserted positiveðɔ vonɔ ðʏ na fʏkvʏ-mi-no-nɔ=vavaThere, home I do go.DIST house 1SG ASSERT go-NEG-STATE.GRIEF-ALLOC.ELDER=POL.DEFERDistal clause with fronted goalDistal frame fronts affected/goal constituent
Angry respectfulði ðʏ na qʏfqʏ-mi-ða-ɾi=vaHere, I am indeed speaking.PROX 1SG ASSERT speak-NEG-STATE.ANGRY-ALLOC.PEER=POL.RESPIrritated but controlled speechAnger raises politeness marking
Fearful negativeði qɑv ɽʉ ʔoqʕoð-mi-fi-kʏHere, the person does not drink water.PROX person water ingest-NEG-STATE.FEAR-ALLOC.YOUNGFear-marked ordinary negativeUses ungendered human noun qɑv

TAM Forms

These are the core tense-aspect forms used in finite verbal morphology. In Qʏfqo, TAM appears inside a larger verbal template alongside negation, speaker-state, allocutive marking, and politeness.
FormMeaningLeipzig GlossPositionExampleTranslationNotes
Unmarked∅unmarked present, generic, gnomicPRS/GENafter -mi if negated, after ROOT otherwisena boqʏ-mi-bo-ɾiI do seeAlso used for nonpast or general truth
Past-tapastPSTafter NEGna boqʏ-mi-ta-bo-ɾiI did seeCompatible with all state and allocutive suffixes
Future-lifutureFUTafter NEGna boqʏ-mi-li-bo-ɾiI will seeOften used with intentional or projected events

Speaker-state & Grammatical Emotional Suffixes

Qʏfqo encodes many emotional and mental states directly on the verb rather than through independent lexical emotion words. These suffixes indicate the speaker’s stance, affect, or internal condition while performing or describing an action.
MeaningFunctionLeipzig GlossExampleTranslationNotes
-bocalm, controlled, emotionally flatneutral speaker-state markingSTATE.CALMna fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾiI do go, calmlyDefault least-marked finite state
-ðaangry, affronted, sharpenedanger stateSTATE.ANGRYna qʏfqʏ-mi-ða-ɾi=vaI am indeed speaking, angrilyOften co-occurs with raised politeness
-vʉdutiful, restrained, obedientobligation, restraint, disciplined complianceSTATE.DUTfʏkvʏ-mi-vʉ-ɾiI do not go, dutifullyGood for formal or rank-sensitive contexts
-ɽoreluctant, ashamed, constrainedshame, hesitation, social inhibitionSTATE.REL/ASHna boqʏ-mi-ɽo-ɾiI do see, reluctantlyCovers reluctance and shame-like affect
-fifearful, anxiousfear, apprehension, instabilitySTATE.FEARʔoqʕoð-mi-fi-kʏdoes not drink, fearfullyOften used in warnings or stressful speech
-nogrieving, heavy-hearted, longinggrief, mourning, yearningSTATE.GRIEFna fʏkvʏ-mi-no-nɔ=vavaI do go, grievinglyAlso used for longing or homesick affect
-lɔwarm, affectionate, openaffection, tenderness, emotional opennessSTATE.WARMna qʏfqʏ-mi-lɔ-kʏI do speak, warmlyReplaces many lexical emotion words

Anger-Politeness Adjustment

In Qʏfqo, anger does not reduce politeness but tends to increase it. More intense irritation or fury is commonly expressed through more elevated or deferential surface marking, especially in controlled or formal speech.
MeaningLeipzig GlossRegisterExampleTranslationNotes
Calmcalm speech permits plain or respectful markingSTATE.CALM + POL.PLAIN/RESPneutral everydayqʏfqʏ-mi-bo-ɾiI am not speakingNo special pressure toward high politeness
Irritatedirritation prefers respectful markingSTATE.ANGRY + POL.RESPcontrolled formal irritationqʏfqʏ-mi-ða-ɾi=vaI am not speaking, respectfullyAnger begins to raise politeness
Furioushigh anger prefers deferential markingSTATE.ANGRY + POL.DEFERceremonial or cutting furyqʏfqʏ-mi-ða-nɔ=vavaI am not speaking, very deferentiallyIn Qʏfqo, strongest anger is often most polite

Politeness Clitics

These clause-edge clitics mark degrees of politeness and interactional restraint. Their use is shaped not only by formality and status but also by emotional discipline, especially in angry or tense speech.
MeaningLeipzig GlossRegisterExampleTranslationNotes
=∅plain, unmarkedPOL.PLAINneutral everydayqʏfqʏ-mi-bo-ɾiI am not speakingZero clitic, often left unexpressed
=varespectfulPOL.RESPformal, restrained, controlledqʏfqʏ-mi-ða-ɾi=vaI am not speaking, respectfullyFavoured in irritated but disciplined speech
=vavadeferential, ceremonialPOL.DEFERhighly formal, elevated, emotionally markedqʏfqʏ-mi-ða-nɔ=vavaI am not speaking, most respectfullyCommon in rank-asymmetrical or furious speech

Allocutive agreement by age

Finite verbs in Qʏfqo index the age-status of the addressee regardless of the subject of the clause. This allocutive system distinguishes younger, peer, and older listeners as part of ordinary verbal inflection.
MeaningLeipzig GlossUse caseExampleTranslationNotes
-kʏyounger addresseeALLOC.YOUNGspeaking to a child, junior, or younger listenerboqʏ-mi-bo-kʏI do not see, to someone youngerI do not see, to someone younger
-ɾipeer addresseeALLOC.PEERspeaking to an age-mate, cohort, equalboqʏ-mi-bo-ɾiI do not see, to a peerDefault allocutive in neutral adult speech
-nɔolder addresseeALLOC.ELDERspeaking to an elder, superior, seniorboqʏ-mi-bo-nɔI do not see, to an elderOften pairs with higher politeness

Deictic clause-frame switch

Clause order in Qʏfqo is partly conditioned by deixis. Proximal clauses use the ordinary local frame, while distal clauses shift structure by fronting the affected, goal, or object phrase.
MeaningFormLeipzig GlossDefault OrderExampleNotes
Proximalhere, in speaker’s sphereðiPROXSOVði ðʏ vonɔ na fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾiLocal, immediate, present frame
Distalhere, in speaker’s sphereðɔDISTOSV-like / goal-frontedðɔ vonɔ ðʏ na fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾiDistal frame fronts object, goal, or affected phrase

Clause polarity

Qʏfqo distinguishes bare, negative, and asserted positive clause types through a polarity system built around negation. Ordinary single negation is negative, while asserted positive meaning is characteristically expressed through double negation.
MeaningLeipzig GlossExampleUse CaseTranslationNotes
Vbare non-assertive formBAREfʏkvʏcitation, imperative, subordinate, genericgo; to goNot the normal asserted positive finite form
V-mibare non-assertive formNEGfʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾiordinary negationdoes not goSingle negation is truly negative
na V-miasserted positiveASSERT NEGna fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾideliberate affirmation, marked truth-claimdoes goDouble negation yields positive asserted reading

Finite Verb Slot Order

This table shows the internal structure of the finite Qʏfqo verb. A fully inflected verb may encode negation, tense, speaker-state, allocutive agreement, and politeness in a fixed morphological sequence.
FormMeaningLeipzig GlossExampleNotes
ROOTlexical stemcore verbal meaningROOTqʏfqʏCitation form of the verb
NEG-minegationNEGqʏfqʏ-miRequired for ordinary negative and asserted positive with na
TAM-ta / -li / ∅past / future / unmarkedPST / FUT / PRS.GENqʏfqʏ-mi-taFollows NEG
STATE-bo / -ða / -vʉ / -ɽo / -fi / -no / -lɔspeaker mental-emotional stateSTATEqʏfqʏ-mi-ta-boCarries grammatical emotion
ALLOC-kʏ / -ɾi / -nɔallocutive age agreementALLOCqʏfqʏ-mi-ta-bo-ɾiIndexes listener age class
POL=∅ / =va / =vavapoliteness cliticPOLqʏfqʏ-mi-ta-bo-ɾi=vaClause-edge politeness marking
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