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Verb Tenses and Negation

1 min read · 255 words

Verb tenses in Celestial are fairly straightforward, though there are still several tenses that do not exist in English. Verb negation is also straightforward, though once again different from English.

Time

Past: Actions that take place before the current time.

Present: Actions that are currently taking place.

Future: Actions that take place sometime after the current time.

Eternal/Infinite: Actions that have always taken, are always taking, or will always take place.

Reš-kyl
1.PL.INCL-DEPGEN.FRML
jošu
king
beixijoš-ofy
rule-SMP.ETRN
Marijoa.
Mariejois

‘Our king will always rule Mariejois.’

Aspects

Simple: The most straightforward version of a verb, where the action is one complete action.

Mehok,
yesterday
mi
1;NOM;NTR
opel-e
go-SMP.PST
mi-l
1-DEPGEN.NTR
cerej-ilir
friend-GEN
emeren.
house

‘Yesterday, I went to my friend's house.’

Distant: The action took place a long time ago.

Dešoca
in.the.distant.past
1840,
1840
Ardon
Ardon
opel-iev
go-DST.PST
hij-il
3.M.ABS-DEPGEN.NTR
cerej-ilir
friend-GEN
emeren.
house

‘In 1840, Ardon went to his friend's house.’

Progressive: The action is currently progressing; this is the tense for verbs in English that end in -ing such as "going" and "doing".

Mi
1;NOM;NTR
opel-iap
go-PROG.PRS
mi-l
1-DEPGEN.NTR
cerej-ilir
friend-GEN
emeren.
house

‘I'm going to my friend's house.’

Perfect: The action has finished; it occurred some time in the past. This tense now focuses on the resulting state of the action.

Mi
1;NOM;NTR
opel-ial
go-PERF.PRS
mi-l
1-DEPGEN.NTR
cerej-ilir
friend-GEN
emeren.
house

‘I've gone to my friend's house.’

Subjunctive: This is for an action one wishes/wished or desires/desired to happen in some way. If you'd rather play football instead of doing paperwork, this is the aspect to talk about said desire.

Mi
1;NOM;NTR
opel-iac
go-SUBJ.PRS
mi-l
1-DEPGEN.NTR
cerej-ilir
friend-GEN
emeren.
house

‘I want to go to my friend's house.’

Imperative: Someone or something is compelling the verb's subject to do the action. If your boss tells you to have the paperwork in by Monday, he could use the imperative tense to ask you to.

Mi
1;NOM;NTR
opel-ied
go-IMPR.PST
Peter-il
Peter-GEN
emeren.
house

‘I had to go to Peter's house because he told me to.’

Negation

This is the equivalent to using "don't", "won't", or similar verb prefixes in English. Instead of using something like that, Celestial has its own prefix (an- an-) to directly negate verbs. (If negating verbs beginning with Nn, ani- ani- is used instead.)

Mi
1;NOM;NTR
an-opel-u
NEG-go-SMP.FUT
mi-l
1-GEN.NTR
cerej-ilir
friend-GEN
emeren.
house

‘I won't go to my friend's house.’