Phonology

Sound inventory and phonological rules

25 consonants
9 vowels

Consonant Inventory

MannerBilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarUvular
Plosive
pb
·
·
td
cɟ
kg
·
Nasal
m
·
·
n
ɲ
ŋ
·
Tap/Flap
·
·
·
ɾ
·
·
·
Fricative
·
fv
θð
s
ç
x
χʁ
Lateral fricative
·
·
·
ɬ
·
·
·
Approximant
·
·
·
·
·
w
·
Lateral approximant
·
·
·
l
·
·
·

Vowel Inventory

HeightFrontCentralBack
Close
i
ɨ
u
Close-mid
e
·
o
Mid·
ə
·
Open-mid
ɛ
·
ɔ
Open··
ɑ

Syllable Structure

(C)(C)V(C)

Phonological Rules

/p, t, c, k/ → [pʰ, tʰ, cʰ, kʰ] / +STRESS
/ɑ, ɔ, o, u/ → [æ, œ, ø, y] / [c, cʰ, ɟ, ç, j]_ 
/n/ → [ɴ] / _#
/kw, ɡw, ŋ̊w, ŋw, χw/ → [kʷ, ɡʷ, ŋ̊ʷ, ŋʷ, ʍ]
/χ, ʁ/ → [x ɣ] / _ i

Phoneme Frequency

Distribution of phonemes across 782 transcribed dictionary entries (3,788 total tokens)

/ɾ/
341 (9%)
/ɨ/
282 (7.4%)
/o/
279 (7.4%)
/m/
245 (6.5%)
/u/
245 (6.5%)
/i/
239 (6.3%)
/n/
228 (6%)
/ɑ/
221 (5.8%)
/ɛ/
200 (5.3%)
/l/
181 (4.8%)
/ə/
157 (4.1%)
/g/
138 (3.6%)
/s/
137 (3.6%)
/d/
114 (3%)
/e/
94 (2.5%)
/ɬ/
74 (2%)
/f/
67 (1.8%)
/θ/
67 (1.8%)
/v/
53 (1.4%)
/ð/
52 (1.4%)
/t/
50 (1.3%)
/w/
45 (1.2%)
/b/
44 (1.2%)
/ɟ/
34 (0.9%)
/ɾ̥/
34 (0.9%)
/c/
33 (0.9%)
/ç/
33 (0.9%)
/k/
27 (0.7%)
/ɔ/
16 (0.4%)
/n̥/
13 (0.3%)