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Paradigm Tables

Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Neruañ Language

Core Clause Frames

Shows the main Neruañ clause patterns: body-state clauses, manual actions, need-driven clauses, speech, thought, and responsibility marking. Use this as the overview table for syntax.
TemplateNeruañ exampleLiteral structureUse
Body-state clause————
Hand-action clause————
Need-driven clause————
Reported-speech clause————
Thought/planning clause Responsibility clause————

Body-Agent Reference System

Explains how Neruañ replaces ordinary person pronouns with body-part agents, plus a small deictic system for pointing to speaker, addressee, and third persons.
FormAgent use?ExampleMeaning
Hand-agent————
Belly-agent————
Mouth-agent————
Breath-agent————
Mind-agent————
Foot-agent————
Eye-agent————
Whole-being responsibility————
Speaker-proximal reference————
Addressee reference————
Distal person reference————

Body-Agent Paradigm

Gives the core body agents and their usual semantic domains: doing, needing, speaking, breathing, thinking, moving, and seeing.
DomainBody-agent TranslationBasic readingExampleTranslation
Hand action—————
Belly action/state—————
Mouth action—————
Breath life/state—————
Mind action/state—————
Legaction—————
Eye perception—————

Whole-Being Responsibility System

Marks deliberate responsibility when the whole person, rather than a body part, is treated as accountable for an action.
FormTranslation strategyExample
Deliberate self-responsibility———
Reduced responsibility———
Collective responsibility———
Addressee responsibility———
Third-person responsibility———

Possessed Body-Agent Forms

Shows how body agents are possessed or anchored to a speaker, addressee, named person, distal person, or group.
HandMouthBellyMindUse
Speaker’s body—————
Addressee’s body—————
Distal person’s body—————
Named person’s body—————
Collective body—————

Person Deictics

Covers the small reference words used for pointing to people in discourse. These support reference tracking, while body agents still carry agency.
DeicticMeaningTypical formsExample
Speaker-proximal————
Addressee————
Visible third person————
Absent third person————
Inclusive group————
Exclusive group————

Number and Collective Marking

Shows how nouns are marked for count, group, paired, distributive, and mass readings.
SuffixExampleMeaningNotes
Singular————
Count plural————
Collective————
Natural pair————
Distributive————
Spread/mass————

Relational Postpositions

Lists postpositions used for possession, location, motion, instrument, accompaniment, topic, and boundary relations.
PostpositionExampleMeaningUse
Possessive/genitive————
Locative————
Allative————
Ablative————
Instrumental————
Comitative————
Topic————
Boundary————

Demonstrative System

Shows spatial and discourse demonstratives: near speaker, near addressee, visible distal, absent distal, and interrogative.
FormSpatial readingDiscourse readingExampleTranslation
Speaker-near—————
Addressee-near—————
Visible distal—————
Absent distal—————
Interrogative demonstrative—————

Verb Morphology Template

Gives the order of verbal material in Neruañ, from root and derivation through aspect, mood, directionals, negation, evidential particles, and clause-linking clitics.
CategoryForm typeExample pieceNotes
Verb root————
Derivation————
Aspect————
Directional————
Mood/modality————
Negation————
Evidential or linker————

Aspect example on mòna “eat”

Shows how the verb mòna changes under neutral, ongoing, completed, habitual, beginning, continuing, and resultative readings.
SuffixFormValueUse
Neutral————
Imperfective————
Perfective————
Habitual————
Inceptive————
Continuative————
Resultative completive————

Mood, Ability, and Obligation

Covers clause force and possibility: statements, commands, prohibitions, duties, ability, unreal situations, and wishes.
SuffixExampleMeaningTypical agent
Indicative————
Imperative————
Prohibitive————
Obligative————
Ability————
Irrealis————
Optative————

Evidential Particles

Lists particles that show how the speaker knows something: seeing, hearing, inference, report, memory, or informal unmarked speech.
ParticleExampleTranslation strategy
Visual/direct———
Auditory———
Inferential———
Reported———
Remembered———
Informal/unmarked———

Switch-Reference Clitics

Tracks whether a following clause keeps the same body-agent, changes subject, keeps the same possessor, stays within the same group, or shifts topic.
CliticExample dependent clauseFollow-up meaning
Same body-agent———
Different subject———
Same possessor———
Same collective———
Distal topic shift———

Negation and Denial

Separates ordinary negation from past non-occurrence, prohibitions, inability, denial of reports, and corrective denial.
FormExampleMeaning
Plain negation———
Past non-occurrence———
Prohibitive———
Inability———
Denial of report———
Corrective denial———

Mountain-Specific Directionals

Gives Neruañ’s terrain-based motion system, especially uphill, downhill, across-slope, settlementward, outward, and ridge-following movement.
Directional PatternExtended valueExample Meaning
Uphill———
Downhill———
Across slope———
Hearthward———
Outward———
Ridgewise———

Nominal Derivation

Shows suffixes that derive places, tools, people, communities, substances, and edges from base roots.
MeaningSuffixBaseDerived form
Place noun————
Tool noun————
Person noun————
Community noun————
Substance noun————
Boundary noun————

Verbal Derivation

Shows how verbs are expanded for causing, applying to an object or beneficiary, reciprocal action, reflexive/body-internal action, weaker action, and stronger action.
MeaningSuffixBaseDerived form
Causative ————
Applicative ————
Reciprocal ————
Body-internal/Reflexive————
Attenuative ————
Intensive ————

Clause Linkers

Lists linkers for continuing a clause chain, changing subjects, giving cause, marking contrast, timing events, and separating reported speech.
LinkerExampleTranslation
Same-subject continuation———
Different-subject continuation———
Cause linker———
Contrast linker———
Temporal linker———
Report boundary———

Questions and Focus

Covers yes/no questions, content questions, reason questions, focus, contrastive focus, and quoted questions.
FormExampleMeaning
Yes/no question ———
Content question ———
Reason question ———
Focus marker ———
Contrastive focus ———
Quoted question ———

Loanword Phonetic Adaptation

Explains how Neruañ handles loan phonemes and clusters, especially sounds associated with Kendusyn and Igniazi Bitiasau loans.
Specialized LoanwordOrdinary LoanwordExampleTranslationNotes on usage
Loan /b/—————
Loan /d/—————
Loan /g/—————
Loan /ɣ/—————
Loan /ɬ/—————
cluster repair—————

Stress, Length, and Vowel Reduction

Shows regular stress placement, effects of long vowels, suffixation, reduced vowels, older lexical stress, and loanword stress.
Stress ruleExampleExpected pronunciation
Ordinary disyllable———
Long vowel present———
Suffix added———
Reduced vowel———
Lexical old form———
Loanword———

Applied Forms of mòna “eat”

Gives complete sample clauses for eating, including ongoing, completed, inferred, deliberate, negative, future, prohibitive, and reported readings.
NeruañLiteral structureComment
Eating now———
Ate———
Apparently ate———
Deliberately ate———
Did not eat———
Will eat———
Do not eat———
Reportedly ate———

Applied Movement Clauses

Gives sample motion clauses using mountain-path directionals and body-agent movement syntax.
NeruañLiteral structureComment
Climb upward———
Go downhill———
Cross slope———
Return hearthward———
Leave outward———

Applied Speech and Thought Clauses

Gives sample clauses for speaking, hearing one’s own speech, thinking, remembering, reported error, and accepting responsibility for speech.
NeruañLiteral structureComment
Say it———
Hear oneself speak———
Think true———
Remember path———
Reported wrong speech———
Accept speech responsibility———
ᚱ ꦏ Ω ᛟ გ अ ع ש ᜀ ᓀ θ Ψ ᚠ 愛 ⴀ
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