Case

Nouns are required to indicate their role in a sentence through the use of noun case. There are three cases: Accusative, Dative, and Nominative. The Accusative case is for indicating that a noun is the direct object of a verb. The Dative case is for indicating the noun is the indirect object. The Nominative case is for subject nouns.

If a noun ends in a vowel and an ending needs to be applied, the vowel is dropped. Although case endings are not applied to most pronouns, the possessive pronouns must have an ending added if they replace an indirect or direct object.

Case endings can be used as adjectives when a case ending cannot be directly applied.

Plurality

Nouns must take on a specific ending depending on the number of items they represent. There are two primary endings: the Paucal and the Plural. If the quantity is not known, a separate ending is used.

Because the case declension is applied after the plurality ending, it is possible for the plurality ending to be erased if the Paucal ending is used. To compensate, the ending changes to “yi” for Paucal Accusative or Paucal Dative nouns.

Just like with case declension, if the noun ends in a vowel, the vowel is dropped when the ending is applied.

Compounding Particles

Compound nouns need to have a binding particle between them in order to state the relationship between them. These particles bind the noun before it and the noun after them. 

The general particle is used as a “catch all” if none of the others fit.

When applying a case declension, only the last noun in the compound noun sequence should have the case applied to it.

Relative Particles

Additional information can be attached to a noun by putting a relative particle after the last adjective and before the new descriptive phrase. There are two relative particles that can be used: the clarifying and the elaborative. The clarifying particle is used for information necessary for delimiting the noun that is being referenced. The elaborative pronoun is used for extra information that is not necessary for delimiting.

If the relative pronoun is being used exclusively for attaching prepositional phrases, then the suffix “-en” can be added to indicate it and therefore dropped the requirement for a verb to be present in the relative phrase. 

Examples

Sunlight is light that originates from the sun. Note that this is not saying "light from the sun", but in a more literal form "the light from sun".

The apple is the direct object, so the accusative case is used.

“named…” is a clarifying phrase. 

“who is named…” is an elaborative phrase.

The English sentence could alternatively have been "The apple in the bowl". The verb “to be” is dropped through the usage of the “-en” suffix on the relative particle.