Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Varān
| Function | Varān | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Opening / attention | Begins or draws attention | mák | Hey, listen here |
| Topic introduction | Introduces what the speaker will discuss | mìvēf- | Regarding, as for |
| Continuation | Adds to or resumes | -wey | And, also |
| Sequence | Orders events or arguments | nwāwvì | First(ly), then |
| Contrast | Marks an opposing point | nga’an- | But, however, instead |
| Concession | Acknowledges a point before qualifying it | sulayang | Nevertheless, even so |
| Cause / result | Links reasons and outcomes | vafrayl | Therefore, consequently |
| Explanation / reformulation | Clarifies or restates | yalū’avi | In other words |
| Example | Introduces an example | nompeng | For example, i.e. |
| Emphasis | Highlights | ngì’wom | In fact, indeed |
| Hesitation / planning | Gives the speaker time to think | ììx… | Um, well, so, err... |
| Correction / repair | Revises what was said | kxoal… | Rather, I mean |
| Agreement | Agreement or acknowledge-ment | eylawr/awre | Yes, that's right, exactly |
| Disagreement | Objection or correction | nìnkaytungpay’i/nìnka | No, actually, not exactly |
| Response / turn-taking | Takes, yields, or returns a speaking turn | ār(h́) | Go on, anyway |
| Conclusion | Summerizes | nǵì’oam | In short, finally |
| Function | Varān | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Correlative | Connect equal words, phrases, or clauses | -reng'p- | Both…and, not only…but also |
| Disjunctive / alternative | Presents alternatives, choices, or contrast | -f'nga- | Either…or, neither…nor |
| Conclusive | Link a result, deduction, or consequence | -h́wa- | So, therefore |
| Function | Varān | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cause | Gives a reason | nluom- | Because, since |
| Condition | Sets a condition | nwa- | If, unless |
| Concession | Marks an unexpected contrast | fwa'- | Even though |
| Purpose | Gives a goal | yāv nì’i- | So that, in order to |
| Time | Relates events with time | mway- | After, while, until |
| Comparison | Compares clauses or qualities | wekx- | Than |
| Content | Reported or thought content | fayn...hey- / fayn...kayēf- | Whether (or/or not), if |
| Place | Specifies where something happens | nuspa...eng- / nuspéng- | Wherever, where |
| Function | Varān | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Addition | Joins items or clauses | — | And, also |
| Alternative | Offers choice | — | Or |
| Contrast | Joins opposing ideas | — | But, yet |
| Explanation | Restates or clarifies | — | That is, namely |
| Result | Shows consequence | — | So, therefore |
| Function | Varān | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manner | How an action happens | — | Well, carefully |
| Time | Locates an event in time | — | — |
| Frequency | How often something happens | — | — |
| Duration | How long something lasts | — | — |
| Place | Locates an event | — | — |
| Direction | Movement or orientation | — | — |
| Degree / intensity | Strengthens or weakens quality or action | — | — |
| Comparison | Compares actions or qualities | — | — |
| Certainty / propability | Confidence or likelihood | — | — |
| Speaker attitude | Evaluation or emotion | — | — |
| Focus / limitation | Highlights or restricts an element | — | — |
| Addition / contrast | Connects or constrasts ideas | — | — |
| Cause / purpose | Gives a reason or goal | — | — |
| Negation | Negates a word, phrase, or clause | — | — |
| Function | Varān | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quality | — | — | — |
| Size | — | — | — |
| Shape | — | — | — |
| Color | — | — | — |
| Age / condition | — | — | — |
| Value / judgement | — | — | — |
| Material | — | — | — |
| Origin / relation | — | — | — |
| Human properties | — | — | — |
| Temporary state | — | — | — |
| Quantity | — | — | — |
| Ordinal | — | — | — |
| Superlative | — | — | — |
| Equative (as…as) | — | — | — |
| Interrogative | Some | Any | Universal | Negative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | — | — | — | — | — |
| Thing | — | — | — | — | — |
| Choice | — | — | — | — | — |
| Possession | — | — | — | — | — |
| Place | — | — | — | — | — |
| Destination | — | — | — | — | — |
| Source | — | — | — | — | — |
| Route | — | — | — | — | — |
| Time | — | — | — | — | — |
| Manner | — | — | — | — | — |
| Reason | — | — | — | — | — |
| Quantity | — | — | — | — | — |
| Time | — | — | — | — | — |
| Very Far | Far | Close | Very Close | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — |
| None | Very low | Low | Moderate/Average | Semi-high | High | Very High | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Obligatory | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Exclusive | Inclusive | Animate | Inanimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — |
| Exclusive | Inclusive | Animate | Inanimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — |
| None | Very low | Low | Moderate/Average | Semi-high | High | Very High | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Obligatory | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Double Affirmative/Sarcastic | Affirmative | Negative | Double Negative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Certain | — | — | — | — |
| Uncertain | — | — | — | — |
| Basic | — | — | — | — |
| Active | Passive | Impersonal Passive | Stative Passive | Dynamic Passive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obligation | — | — | — | — | — |
| Singular | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — | — |
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Optative/Potential | Imperative | Jussive | Presumptive | Inferential | certain/uncertain | Interrogative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obligation | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Singular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Perfective | Continuous | Habitual | Temporary | Retrospective | Inceptive | Infinitive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obligation | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Singular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Far Past | Past | Recent Past | Present | Close Future | Future | Far Future | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obligation | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Singular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| None | Very low | Low | Moderate/Average | Semi-high | High | Very High | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Obligatory | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Abessive | Adverbial | Comparative | Equative | Exessive | Orientive | Revertive | Translative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Prepositional | Vocative | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | — | — |
| Plural | — | — |
| Dual | — | — |
| Trial | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — |
| Ablative | Benefactive | Causal | Comitative/Privative | Dative | Genitive | Ornative | Possessed | Possessive | Substitutive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ablative | Accusative | Essive | Limitative | Temporal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ablative | Elative | Allative | Illative | Terminative | Perlative | Prolative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Adessive | Apudessive | Inessive | Intrative | Locative | Pergressive | Subessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dual | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paucal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Colloquial | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |