Phonology
Sound inventory and phonological rules
21 consonants
11 vowels
Consonant Inventory
| Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | · | · | ɟ | kg | · | · | · | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | · | n | · | ŋ | ɴ | · | · | ||||||||
| Trill | · | · | r | · | · | · | · | · | ||||||||
| Tap/Flap | · | · | ɾ | · | · | · | · | · | ||||||||
| Fricative | · | fv | s | · | x | ʁ | ħ | h | ||||||||
| Lateral fricative | · | · | ɬ | · | · | · | · | · | ||||||||
| Approximant | · | · | · | j | w | · | · | · | ||||||||
| Lateral approximant | · | · | l | · | · | · | · | · | ||||||||
Vowel Inventory
| Height | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iy | · | u |
| Near-close | ɪ | · | · |
| Close-mid | eø | · | o |
| Mid | · | ə | · |
| Open-mid | ɛ | · | · |
| Near-open | æ | · | · |
| Open | a | · | · |
Syllable Structure
CV, VCV, V(C)V, (C)(V)CVPhonological Rules
a > ɛ|e|o / _ k|kʼ iː > y|ɛ / m _ iː > ∅ / m _ V|VV p|pʼ|kʼ|kp > m|n / ɪ|y|yː _ p|pʼ|kʼ > ŋ|ɴ / o|oː|ø _ ŋ > n / _ k|kʼ|g|x ŋk > nk k > x / Vː _ p > f / Vː _ a|ɛ|e|o > ə / unstressed _ a|e|o > ə / unstressed _ # i.a > i.ja u.a > u.wa a+ɛ|e > e pʼ > p / Vː _|_ C kʼ > k / Vː _|_ C ŋ > n / _ l|r|s ŋl > nl ŋr > nr ŋs > ns C1C2C3 > C1C3 V+V > VʔV / V-initial word Vː > V / # _ ... Vː pp > pʼ kk > kʼ CC > Cː n|ŋ|ɴ > m / _ p|pʼ s+ɟ|sl > sw / _ e|o|oː|ø s+m > ʁ s+kʼ|pʼ > sk s+f|v|g|x|h|ħ > sy s+ɬ > sl k|kʼ+p > p / _ a|aː|e|eː|o|oː|ø k|kʼ+p > pr / _ æ|ɛ|ɪ|ɪː|y|yː u|uː+ɛ|e > we a|o > ɛ / colloquial plural
Phoneme Frequency
Distribution of phonemes across 9 transcribed dictionary entries (32 total tokens)
/o/
4 (12.5%)
/w/
3 (9.4%)
/ɛ/
3 (9.4%)
/ʔ/
3 (9.4%)
/k/
3 (9.4%)
/j/
2 (6.3%)
/ɴ/
2 (6.3%)
/oː/
2 (6.3%)
/m/
2 (6.3%)
/p/
2 (6.3%)
/æ/
2 (6.3%)
/ɪ/
1 (3.1%)
/e/
1 (3.1%)
/a/
1 (3.1%)
/ŋ/
1 (3.1%)