Paradigm Tables
Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Xankhol
Verb Marking: Voices
| Prefix | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|
| Passive | gaʔa- | The object being the agent rather than the subject |
| Intensive | χɑɭu- | To forcefully do an action |
| Imperative | dɔɭ- | To imperate or to command an action |
Verb Marking: Valencies
| Suffix | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|
| Causative | -had | To cause something to happen |
| Reflexive | -sɔd | Oneself |
| Reciprocal | -munij | Each other |
| Negation | -neʔeʰ | Opposite meaning |
Verb Marking: Aspects
| Prefix | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|
| Progressive | miʰwa- | Progressing action, “-ing” |
| Perfective | suʰwa- | Completed action |
| Imperfective | hima- | Uncompleted action |
| Habitual | ɭiʈar- | Used to, describing characteristics |
| Descriptive | ʁuta- | Describing vivid imagery |
| Inceptive | hinaʑa- | Starting event |
| Terminative | hakɛ- | Ending event |
| Iterative | rija- | Repetitive event |
Verb Marking: Tenses
| Prefix | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| Past | kaθ- | kaθegarɔʰ “walked” |
| Present | ∅ | hegarɔʰ “walk” |
| Future | tuθ- | tuθegarɔʰ “will walk” |
Pronouns
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | naʔɨʰ | ketataʰwar | ketaʰ |
| 2nd Person | qɑʔɨʰ | qɑʔɨtaʰwar | qɑʔɨkɔraʰ |
| 3rd Person Masculine | jaʔɨʰ | taχɔtaʰwar | taχɔʰ |
| 3rd Person Feminine | jiɔqɑʰ | taχɔtaʰwar | taχɔʰ |
| 3rd Person Inanimate Object / Neuter | heʈaʰ | taχɔtaʰwar | taχɔʰ |
| 3rd Person Inanimate Abstract Object | hesaʰ | hesaʰ | hesaʰ |
Noun Marking: Cases
| Suffix | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ∅ | Subject |
| Accusative | -usəʰ | Direct Object |
| Dative | -ɔraʰ | Recipient or Goal, Indirect Object |
| Locative | -ekiʰ | In, at, on, by, into |
| Ablative | -unuʰ | From, out of |
| Instrumental | -ɛmiʰ | By the means of |
| Comitative | -gumuɭ | With |
| Benefactive | -eturaʰ | For, for the sake of |
| Reason | -marehiʰ | Because of |
| Vocative | -jaʰ | Calling, “O” |
| Allative | -arəʰ | Towards, to |
| Perlative | -turiʰ | Through, along |
| Genitive | -aɭuʰ | Of, possession |
Noun Marking: Definiteness and Number
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definite | -ɛnaʰ | -ɛniʰ | -ʌniʰ |
| Indefinite | -ɔtaʰ | -ɔtiʰ | -ʌtiʰ |
| Number | ∅ | -taʰwar | -kɔraʰ |
| Sacred | ʰwad- | ʰwad- | ʰwad- |
Vowel Phonology
| Front | Center | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Middle | e | ə | ʌ, ɔ |
| Open | ɛ | a | — |
Consonant Phonology
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p, b | — | t, d | ʈ, ɖ | — | k, g | q, ɢ | ʔ |
| Nasal | m | — | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | — | — |
| Fricative | ɸ, β | θ, ð | s, z | — | ɕ, ʑ | — | χ, ʁ | h |
| Affricate | pɸ, bβ | — | ts, dz | — | tɕ, dʑ | — | — | — |
| Liquid | ʰw | — | r | ɭ | j | — | — | — |