Quick Grammar and Phonology

PHONOLOGY:

Vowels: ɑ, ɛ, a, i, o, ø, u, ʊ

Consonants: b, v, g, d, ʒ, z, j, k, l, ʎ, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, χ, ts, tɕ, ɕ

Additional: ju, ja

Syllable Order:

Broadly (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Stress: Initial

Allowed Consonant Clusters:

Commonly:

Two: pr br tr dr kr gr fr jr ʎr pl bl kl gl fl sp st sk sm sn sv zb zd zg zv ʒv ʒl rv rs rb ts tɕ ɕt ɕk ʒd rt nt nd rk nk

Three: spr ɕpr str ɕtr skr ɕkr zdr zbr zgr skv ɕkv rst nts nsk nkt kst pɕt

Four: fstr fɕtr

ORTHOGRAPHY (CYRILLIC):

Аа = ɑ

Бб = b

Вв = v

Гг = g

Дд = d

Ее = ɛ

Әә = a

Жж = ʒ

Зз = z

Ии = i

Йй = j

Кк = k

Лл = l

Љљ = ʎ

Мм = m

Нн = n

Оо = o

Өө = ø

Пп = p

Рр = r

Сс = s

Тт = t

Уу = u

Фф = f

Хх = χ

Цц = ts

Чч = tɕ

Шш = ɕ

Ыы = ʊ

Юю = ju

Яя = ja

ORTHOGRAPHY (LATIN):

Aa = ɑ

Bb = b

Vv = v

Gg = g

Dd = d

Ee = ɛ

Əə = a

Žž = ʒ

Zz = z

Ii = i

Jj = j

Kk = k

Ll = l

Ľľ = ʎ

Mm = m

Nn = n

Oo = o

Øø = ø

Pp = p

Rr = r

Ss = s

Tt = t

Yy = u

Ff = f

Xx = χ

Cc = ts

Čč = tɕ

Šš = ɕ

Ůů = ʊ

Ju = ju

Ja = ja

GRAMMAR:

Word Order:

Mainly SVO, but fexible enough to allow OVS

Nouns:

Cases:

Nominative (Suffix(CYRILLIC): -∅)

Genitive (Suffix(CYRILLIC): -ац on Masculine; -тза on Feminine; -ца for Possessive Pronouns)

Genders:

Masculine

Feminine

Plural(CYRILLIC):

Singular: -∅

Plural Masculine ending in vowels(CYRILLIC): replace vowel with -ови

Plural Masculine ending in Consonants(CYRILLIC): -ови

Plural Feminine ending in vowels(CYRILLIC): replace last vowel with -и unless a genitive suffix is behind

Plural Feminine ending in consonants(CYRILLIC): -и

Agglutinative Suffix Structure:

Nouns:

(WORD)(PLURAL)(CASE)(ARTICLE)

Verbs:

(WORD)(TENSE)(NEGATION)

Articles:

Definite:

General(CYRILLIC): Suffix -от

Near speaker(CYRILLIC): -ов

Far from speaker(CYRILLIC): -он

Indefinite:

Masculine(CYRILLIC): Suffix -ен

Feminine(CYRILLIC): -нә

Pronouns:

I(CYRILLIC): йәк

You, Singular(CYRILLIC): тя

He(CYRILLIC): той

She(CYRILLIC): та

We(CYRILLIC): бин

You, Plural(CYRILLIC): ти

They(CYRILLIC): тие

Object Pronouns:

Me(CYRILLIC): ми

You, Singular(CYRILLIC): ту

Him(CYRILLIC): го

Her(CYRILLIC): я

Us(CYRILLIC): нез

It(CYRILLIC): га

Them(CYRILLIC): ги

You, Plural(CYRILLIC): ви

Possessive Pronouns:

Add suffix -цә a average Pronoun

Adjectives:

Doesn't agree with the noun

Placement: Before noun

Verbs:

No noun agreement

Tense:

Present(CYRILLIC): ∅

Past(CYRILLIC): Suffix -ле

Future(CYRILLIC): Suffix -ке

Negation(CYRILLIC): Suffix -не

Copula: сум, literally 'to be'

Questions:

Yes/No(CYRILLIC): Particle далу

Who?(CYRILLIC): кю

What?(CYRILLIC): шутө

Where?(CYRILLIC): кәд

When?(CYRILLIC): когу

Why?(CYRILLIC): жоша

How?(CYRILLIC): зәко

Which?(CYRILLIC): кю

How Many/Much?(CYRILLIC): кәљө

Order: At the start of the question

Prepositions(CYRILLIC):

in: во

into: водо

on: нә

at: нә

to: до

from: од

for: жа

about: за

with: йө

without: йөне

after: по

along: по

per: по

toward: сож

near: љә

through: низ

across: првеки

over: наз

via: прве

during: време

against: отив

according to: оред

because of: оради

except: вен

besides: окра

as: како

like: како

in front of: ред

before: ред

behind: зад

under: под

below: под

above: нәд

upon: вә

between: ме

among: ме

beside: пок

around: око

opposite: роти

amid: еде

instead of: место

beyond: отәде

together with: зед

including: вклучу

Conjunctions(CYRILLIC):

and: и

or: йи

but: ље

because: бид

so: пә

if: ако

when: ког

although: әко

while: дод

that: дека

neither...nor: итне...итне

either...or: ит...ит

therefore: зәто

however: сенак

unless: ос

Noun Placement:

(ADJECTIVE)(NOUN/PRONOUN)

Verb Placement:

(VERB)(ADVERB)

Imperatives:

Positive: Bare verb

Negative: Bare verb + negation

Comparative and Superlative:

Comparative(CYRILLIC): Suffix -же

Superlative(CYRILLIC): Suffix -зе

Equality(CYRILLIC): Particle әкйе

Relative Clauses:

Introduced by: Question words, Articles

Adverbs:

Formation: From Adjectives or indepenent words

Possession(CYRILLIC):

Have: имә

Other: Use Genitive Case