Particles

Particles tend to be small and convey grammatical information. In Adorish linguistics, they are grouped with affixes.

Adpositions

As said previously, most adpositions are redundant in Adorish. However, a few adpositions still remain in use:

na (the genitive particle) denotes possession but also origin, such as in the popular but archaic phrase: cáye na Adóran meaning “I come from Adoran”. In Standard Adorish, the phrase would be: cayôye Adóris na.

-          It is used with the genitive or ablative case to mean “from” or “of”.

-          With the illative, it is used to denote moving into and then out of the noun. Means roughly “through”.

-          Its meaning with the allative is similar to the illative except it refers to movement around the object.

je (the benefactive particle) denotes a noun that receives benefit from the argument. For example: is tzea Karo je tzíac “He is here for Karo”. It is used with the dative case

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns take the Neutral declension for all cases and adjuncts.

Paired with the genitive case, the pronouns take on a vocative sense, often used to call out people or to denote them as the topic of the sentence. 

Demonstratives

These are for commuting a quality about the noun it is replacing. They also indicate whether it has close or distant relation to the speaker.

In most eastern and northern dialects, they all decline for all noun classes by analogy. This has been a popular choice for standard literature in all dialects but has only maintained spoken usage in specific areas.

For objects:

-          eódra ~ *dras (Proximal)

-          eóspa ~ *spas (Distal)

For people:

-          frôda ~ *dras (Proximal)

-          frôspa ~ *spas (Distal)

For position:

-          tzéa (Proximal)

-          spío (Distal)

For time:

-          áras (Proximal)

-          áspa (Distal)

*Western Dialect

Halburan demonstratives

In Halburo Adorish and some distant forms of Adorish, the distal and proximal are marked on the noun.

-          In this dialect, the forms for the demonstratives are: éos “this, that”, tzéa “here, there”, á “now”, pro “earlier, back then, recently”, soj “later, from now, soon”.

Interrogatives

Interrogatives are a set of pronouns used for questions:

For objects:

-          aos ~ who, what

-          crosê ~ what (emphasis)

For people:

-          aos ~ who

For time:

-          pro ~ when

For position:

-          tzoe ~ where

For reason:

-          ámbô ~ why, how

For method:

-          ámbô ~ why, how

-          crosêmiz ~ how (emphasis) 

Indefinites

Indefinite pronouns usually identify the quantity of the noun. There are four used for quantities but also for percentages:

-          jéo ~ all

-          tzo ~ many, more than a half

-          sro ~ some, less than a half but more than a quarter

-          bao ~ few, less than a quarter

-          árvio ~ none

These can also be combined with the suffixes -ej and -ejon to indicate which group a quantity is a part of. -ej indicates belonging to a group that does not match one previously mentioned in conversation. -ejon indicates belonging to two sets of groups.