Noun Declension

Nouns fall into two vowel harmony classes based on their final vowel:

- Heavy: -a / -o

- Light: -e

ACC.PL is form by adding -e/-a:

• Monosyllabic nouns → add -e/-a (harmonic) to the end.

czer "person" → czere [ˈt͡ʃɛɾɛ]

• Polysyllabic, vowel-final nouns → drop the final vowel.

bioma "biome" → biom [bʲɔm]

• Polysyllabic, consonant-final nouns → add -e/-a/-o (harmonic) to the end and drop the mobile vowel as long as the resulting cluster is pronounceable:

igdan "friend" → igdna [ˈigʔnɑ]

• If it would be unpronounceable, dont remove the mobile vowel

kiszczasz "church → kiszczasza [ˈkiʃt͡ʃɑʃɑ]

• The remained consonant cluster follows these sound changes (using the historical spelling):

  • Two adjacent fricatives would be reduce to one fricative when a more sonorous sound precedes: Voiced Sibilant > Voiceless Sibilant > Voiced Non-Sibilant > Voiceless Non-Sibilant.

  • Two adjacent plosives: the unreleased stop will be reduced, *Exception: [kg] will become [kx]

  • In a dental plosive + nasal cluster, the plosive will be glottalized to [ʔ] + nasal.

• These rules for ACC.PL don't generally be taught to learners or native speakers but are instead remembered independently. It is just taught as -e/-a

Apart from basic cases and grammatical number, further morphemes in nouns will be agglutinatively attached:

Semantic Cases Suffixes:

• -(d)ot/ öt: up to, about (Terminative)

• -do / -de: for (Benefactive)

• -rull / -rüll: which is (Essive)

• -va / -ve: with (Comitative)

• -gak / -gek: with (Instrumental)

• Locative cases:

  • -ó: Locative

  • -ró: Lative

  • -gó: Ablative

  • After the locative suffixes another suffix could be added to specify the position:

    • -l: down

    • -nj: up

    • -d: next to

    • -b: outside

Possessive Suffixes:

• -k: 1sg

• -sz: 2sg

• -l: 3sg

• -m: 1pl

• -c: 2pl

• -j: 3pl

The noun suffixes will be added in the order: ROOT-CASE-POSSESSIVE-SEMANTIC CASE-LOCATIVE