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2: Phonology

2 min read · 363 words

Late Dulukian (c.~1405 BCE onwards) has a unique inventory of consonant and vowels, listed below.

Part 1: Sounds, Codas & Syllables

Consonants: p, pʰ, b, t, tʰ, d, k, kʰ, g, ʃ, tʃ, s, χ, h, m, n, r/ɾ, w, v, l
Vowels: a, e, i, o, u, plus long ū and ō/øː; (o has an allophonic rounded variant [o̝ʷ] before k)

The consonant list in Dulukian isn't too hard for a native English speaker to pronounce, however certain combinations can be harder. For examples, have a look at the dictionary section - one word especially is stone (Dulukian: "Okta") with the allophonic rounded 'o' sound before the sharp k-t cluster of consonant stops being one of the most tricky words to pronounce. Vowels on the other hand are simple - Spanish-style a, e, i, o, u, with the main difference being long vowels (for O and U anyways) possible.

Dulukian works on a (C)CV(C)(C) syllabic structure, with word-initial clusters allowed. This, combined with the ability for compound words like in German, means Dulukian can have really long words, but they aren't common. Coda restriction however is a main part: ending on a single consonant is find, however final clusters can only happen if they end in -t .

I.E: -st; -kt; -pt; etc.

Part 2: Stress & Sound Changes

Stress in Dulukian always falls on the first syllable of the words, making it seem possibly "monotonous" to English ears, however intonation, timing and pacing it can make Dulukian a very artistic language, especially in prose or poetry.

Dulukian does not contain many sound changes, but except for once major one: /o/ becomes /o̝ʷ/ before /k/.

Part 3: Final Restriction

The main restriction comes to do with the -am restrictions. -am is a suffix used to change the meaning of words into a 'nominative form' (it's not a case, but instead changes the meaning of the word entirely). So words that would end in -am by themselves can't, meaning new words go through this process.

E.G: Ikram -> Ikrami. Once you want to form a nominative form of that word, it becomes: Ikrami -> Ikramiam.