Phonology

Ja phonology (reconstructed)

• Vowels (5): a e i o u — no length, no nasalization, no ATR harmony

• Consonants: p b t d k g m n ŋ f s h w y l r j c (plain stops/nasals/fricatives/ approximants only — no pharyngeals, no ejective-like segments, no labial-velars)

• Syllable shape: (C)V, roots typically 1–3 syllables, no consonant clusters, no geminates, no phonemic tone or stress