Locative Particles

1. Spatial relations are expressed using independent particles.

2. Locative particles are placed after the noun they modify.

3. Sentence structure: Subject — Noun + Locative Particle — Verb — Tense Particle (SOV)

Inside

má

Used to indicate that something is inside a place or object.

• I live in the house — /In šizá má zen mian/

• He is inside the forest — /Án trielo má mian/

• We are in the city — /Śi lima má mian/

Toward

lá

Used to indicate movement toward a destination.

• I am going home — /In šizá lá la mian/

• He went to the city — /Án lima lá la pan/

• They will go to the river — /Śá ziliu lá la ian/

From

tá

Used to indicate movement from a place.

• I came from the city — /In lima tá la pan/

• She came from the forest — /Śi trielo tá la pan/

• We will return from home — /Śi šizá tá la ian/

On

pá

Used to indicate that something is on a surface.

• The book is on the table — /Puka mesa pá mian/

• The bird is on the tree — /Loizen tre pá mian/

• He stood on the rock — /Án kera pá pan/

Under

ká

Used to indicate that something is under another object.

- The dog is under the tree — /Noko tre ká mian/

- I slept under the bridge — /In tora ká pan/

- They are under the mountain — /Śá mora ká mian/

Above

vá

Used to indicate that something is above another object.

• The bird is above the tree — /Loizen tre vá mian/

• The clouds are above the city — /Moku lima vá mian/

• The sun is above us — /Sun Śi vá mian/

Near

ná

Used to indicate that something is near another object.

• We live near the river — /Śi ziliu ná zen mian/

• He is near the house — /Án šizá ná mian/

• The tree is near the lake — /Tre zino ná mian/

With

sá

Used to indicate accompaniment.

• I am walking with my friend — /In šelmar sá la mian/

• She came with her father — /Śi apa sá la pan/

• We will travel with them — /Śi Śá sá la ian/

Between

rá

Used to indicate a position between two objects.

• The house is between the trees — /Šizá tre rá mian/

• He stood between us — /Án Śi rá pan/

• The river flows between the mountains — /Ziliu mora rá la mian/

Behind

já

Used to indicate that something is behind another object.

• He is behind the house — /Án šizá já mian/

• The child hid behind the tree — /Cin tre já pan/

• They stood behind the king — /Śá raja já pan/

In Front Of

cá

Used to indicate that something is in front of another object.

• She is in front of the house — /Śi šizá cá mian/

• We stood in front of the gate — /Śi gata cá pan/

• The tree is in front of the river — /Tre ziliu cá mian/