Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Tunisian
| Loan | Learned | Innovated | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Orange | Orõnjee | Bortoqaali | Borgdeeni |
| Purple | Moov | Benafsaji | Bnafsji |
| Brown | Marõ | Bonni | Bonni |
| Pink | Rooz | Wardi | Wardi |
| b | d | đ | f | g | ĝ | ğ | h | ħ | j | k | ꝁ | l | m | n | q | r | s | ş | t | ŧ | w | y | z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ball (wet) | — | bonn [coffee beans] | — | — | baṣṣ (fart) [fart] | — | — | — | — | bayy (bey) | — |
| d | debb [bear] | — | — | — | dagg (jinx, knock) | — | — | — | — | — | dakk (systematically reduce to rubble) | — | — | damm [blood] | — | daqq (knock) | — | dass (lowkey inject) | — | — | — | — | dayy (dey) | — |
| đ | — | ḍedd [against, vs.] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | đoll [humiliation] ḍoll [shadow] đall (humiliate) | đamm (criticize harshly) ḍamm (group/bring close) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ḍaww [light, electricty, power, launch sign, clue] | — | — |
| f | — | fadd (be fed up) | faḍḍ (settle down, compromise) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | fakk (snatch) | — | foll [Arabian Jasmine] | fomm [mouth] famm [there] | fann [art, music] | — | — | — | faşş (deflate) | — | — | — | — | — |
| g | — | gadd (perfect/do smth) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | garr (admit) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ĝ | — | ĝadd (count) | ĝaḍḍ (bite) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ĝajj (chaotically wind) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ĝass (surveil) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ğ | ğabb [gums] | — | ĝaḍḍ (disregard, not consider) | ğaff (sodden) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ğoll [kept in extreme anger] | ğamm (overwhelm) | — | — | — | ğaṣṣ (choke) | ğaşş (scam quality-wise) | — | — | — | — | — |
| h | — | hadd (destroy, bulldoze) | — | haff (relieve, resolve) | hagg (fast walk clumsily) | — | — | — | — | hajj (leave a place for good) | — | — | — | hamm [miserables] | — | — | — | — | haşş (fragile, very easy to break) | — | — | — | — | — |
| ħ | ħabb (love, like, want) | ħadd (someone, no one) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ħajj (do pilgrimage) | ħakk (scratch) | — | ħall (open) | — | ħann (be merciful) | — | ħorr [free] | ħass (feel) | ħaşş (cut violently, decapitate) | ħaṭṭ (put) | — | — | — | — |
| j | — | jadd [grandfather] (be recent/new) | — | — | — | — | jağğ (larp) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | jann (be out of one's mind) | — | — | jass (sense the atmosphere) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| k | kabb (tip over) | — | — | kaff [palm, slap] | — | — | — | — | kaħħ (cough) | — | — | — | kall (to extremely be fed up from a situation) | — | kenne [daughter-in-law] | — | — | — | — | katt (give coercely, bribe) | — | — | — | — |
| ꝁ | — | ꝁadd [cheek] | ꝁaḍḍ (shake violently) | ꝁaff (lessen, relieve) | — | — | — | — | — | ꝁajj (be in disorientation) | — | — | ꝁall [vinegar] | — | — | — | — | — | — | ꝁaṭṭ (line) | — | — | — | — |
| l | lobb [pupl,core] | — | — | laff (wrap) | — | — | — | — | laħħ (insist, urge) | — | — | — | — | lamm (gather) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| m | — | madd (bring, hand) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | moꝁꝁ [brain] | mall (to be bored) | — | — | — | — | mass (touch) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| n | — | nedd [peer, same-age] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| q | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | qall (be small in amount) | — | — | — | — | qaṣṣ (cut) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| r | rabb [lord, master, God] | radd (vomit, throw up) | — | raff (be characterized by an unpredicted manner) | — | — | — | — | — | rajj (shake) | — | raꝁꝁ (slow down performance) | — | ramm (repair) | — | — | — | raṣṣ (stack, pile) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| s | sabb (insult) ṣabb (pour) | sadd (clog) | — | saff (to eat swiftly in greed), ṣaff [line, queue] | — | — | — | — | — | — | sakk (buck) | — | soll (tuberculosis) | semm [poison] | senne [tooth] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ş | şabb [] | şadd (to clutch on smth, take) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | şakk (skepticize, doubt, suspect) | — | — | şamm (smell) | — | şaqq (part) | şarr [evil] | — | — | şaṭṭ (beach) | — | — | — | — |
| t | ṭabb (ram, slam into smth) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ṭall (peek) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ŧ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ŧamm [there] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| w | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| y | — | yedd [hand] | — | — | — | yaĝĝ [ew, yuck] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| z | * | — | — | zaff (penetrate aggressively and dangerously] | zagg [bird poop] | — | — | — | zaħħ [damn it] | — | * | — | zall (slip in speech) | — | zann (buzz) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Origin | Rendering | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| -cti- | English / French | -cci- | diccioneer |
| -ty, -té | English / French | -tee | umiditee |
| -oi-, -oy- | French | -ua- | vuayeel |
| -on | English / French | -oon | contradiccioon |
| -ant | French | -oon | etudioon |
| V | V̄ | |
|---|---|---|
| ə -> e̞ː | e | ee |
| ɐ -> ɐː | a | aa |
| i -> iː | i | ii |
| u -> uː | o | ou |
| [æ] | [ɐ] | |
|---|---|---|
| <a> | b, c, d, đ, f, g, ĝ, h,ħ, j, k, l, m, n, p, s, ş, t, ŧ, v, w, x, y, z | ḍ, ğ, ꝁ, q, r, ṣ, ṭ |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nrawwaħ | rawwaħt |
| 2sg | trawwaħ | rawwaħt |
| 3sg ms | yrawwaħ | rawwaħ |
| 3sg fm | trawwaħ | rawwħet |
| 1pl | nrawwħo | rawwaħne |
| 2pl | trawwħo | rawwaħto |
| 3pl | yrawwħo | rawwħo |
| Hour hand | Minute hand | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Masseeĝe | w Draj |
| 2 | Masseeĝtin | w Darjiin |
| 3 | Mattleeŧe | w Rboĝ |
| 4 | L'Arbĝe | w Arbĝe (Draaj) |
| 5 | El Ꝁamse | w Ꝁamse (Draaj) |
| 6 | Es Sette | w Noss |
| 7 | Es Sabĝe | w Sabĝe |
| 8 | Eŧ Ŧmanye | ğiir Arbĝe (Draaj) |
| 9 | Et Tesĝe | ğiir Rboĝ |
| 10 | El Ĝaşra | ĝiir Darjin |
| 11 | El Ħdeeş | ĝiir Draj |
| 12 | Noṣṣ en Nhaar / Noṣṣ el Liil | Beḍḍabt |
| Past | Present | Simple Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Past | [raani] ħabbiit mşiit | — | — |
| Present | ħabbiit nemşi | nħebb nemşi | beeş nħebb nemşi |
| Simple Future | ħabbiit beeş nemşi | — | — |
| Past | Present | Simple Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Past | I [would have] wanted to have gone | — | — |
| Present | I wanted to go | I want to go | I will want to go |
| Simple Future | I wanted to be going | — | — |
| Meaning | Present Conjugation | Past Conjugation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| st + CVVC | reciprocal | V-3 | V-3 |
| st + infinitive (that is NOT CVVC) | reciprocal | V-3 | st + conjugation |
| t + infinitive | passive | — | t + conjugation |
| C₁aC₂C₂eC₃ | causative | V-2 | V-2 |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nestfeed | stfedt |
| 2sg | testfeed | stfedt |
| 3sg ms | yestfeed | stfeed |
| 3sg fm | testfeed | stfeedet |
| 1pl | nestfeedo | stfedne |
| 2pl | testfeedo | stfedto |
| 3pl | yestfeedo | stfeedo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nemteez | mtezt |
| 2sg | temteez | mtezt |
| 3sg ms | yemteez | mteez |
| 3sg fm | temteez | mteezet |
| 1pl | nemteezo | mtezne |
| 2pl | temteezo | mtezto |
| 3pl | yemteezo | mteezo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | naṣṭaad | ṣṭadt |
| 2sg | taaṣṭaad | ṣṭadt |
| 3sg ms | yaaṣṭaad | ṣṭaad |
| 3sg fm | taaṣṭaad | ṣṭaadet |
| 1pl | naṣṭaado | ṣṭadne |
| 2pl | taṣṭaado | ṣṭadto |
| 3pl | yaṣṭaado | ṣṭaado |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + V + #VVC | #VC + t |
| 3sg | t + V + #VVC | #VC + t |
| 3sg ms | y + V + #VVC | #VVC |
| 3sg fm | t + V + #VVC | #VVC + et |
| 1pl | n + V + #VVC + o | #VC + ne |
| 2pl | t + V + #VVC +o | #VC + to |
| 3pl | y + V + #VVC + o | #VVC + o |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nestaĝmer | staĝmert |
| 2sg | testaĝmer | staĝmert |
| 3sg ms | yestaĝmer | staĝmer |
| 3sg fm | testaĝmer | staĝmret |
| 1pl | nestaĝmro | staĝmerne |
| 2pl | testaĝmro | staĝmerto |
| 3pl | yestaĝmro | staĝmro |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nhabbel | habbelt |
| 2sg | thabbel | habbelt |
| 3sg ms | yhabbel | habbel |
| 3sg fm | thabbel | hebblet |
| 1pl | nhabblo | habbelne |
| 2pl | thabblo | hebbelto |
| 3pl | yhabblo | habblo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + {e*} + #VC | #VC + t |
| 2sg | t + {e*} + #VC | #VC + t |
| 3sg ms | y + {e*} + #VC | #VC |
| 3sg fm | t + {e*} + #VC | #C + et |
| 1pl | n + {e*} + #C + o | #VC + ne |
| 2pl | t + {e*} + #C + o | #VC + to |
| 3pl | y + {e*} + #C + o | #C + o |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | netleeqi | tleeqiit |
| 2sg | tetleeqi | tleeqliit |
| 3sg ms | yetleeqi | tleeqa |
| 3sg fm | tetleeqi | tleeqaat |
| 1pl | netleeqaao | tleeqiine |
| 2pl | tetleeqaao | tleeqiito |
| 3pl | yetleeqaao | tleeqaao |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nescrooli | scrooliit |
| 2sg | tescrooli | scrooliit |
| 3sg ms | yescrooli | scroole |
| 3sg fm | tescrooli | scrooleet |
| 1pl | nescrooliio | scrooliine |
| 2pl | tescrooliio | scrooliito |
| 3pl | yescrooliio | scrooleeo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nvarfi | varfiit |
| 2sg | tvarfi | varfiit |
| 3sg ms | yvarfi | varfe |
| 3sg fm | tvarfi | varfeet |
| 1pl | nvarfiio | varfiine |
| 2pl | tvarfiio | varfiito |
| 3pl | yvarfiio | varfeeo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nense | nsiit |
| 2sg | tense | nsiit |
| 3sg ms | yense | nsee |
| 3sg fm | tense | nseet |
| 1pl | nenseeo | nsiine |
| 2pl | tenseeo | nsiito |
| 3pl | yenseeo | nseeo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + {e*} + # + i | # + iit |
| 2sg | t + {e*} + # + i | # + iit |
| 3sg ms | y + {e*} + # + i | #V |
| 3sg fm | t + {e*} + # + i | #V + Vt |
| 1pl | n + {e*} + # + iio | # + iine |
| 2pl | t + {e*} + # + iio | # + iito |
| 3pl | y + {e*} + # + iio | #V + Vo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nꝁaaf | ꝁoft |
| 2sg | tꝁaaf | ꝁoft |
| 3sg ms | yꝁaaf | ꝁaaft |
| 3sg fm | tꝁaaf | ꝁaafet |
| 1pl | nꝁaafo | ꝁofne |
| 2pl | tꝁaafo | ꝁofto |
| 3pl | yꝁaafo | ꝁaafo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nḍiiĝ | ḍoĝt |
| 2sg | tḍiiĝ | ḍoĝt |
| 3sg ms | yḍiiĝ | ḍaaĝ |
| 3sg fm | tḍiiĝ | ḍaaĝet |
| 1pl | nḍiiĝo | ḍoĝne |
| 2pl | tḍiiĝo | ḍoĝto |
| 3pl | yḍiiĝo | ḍaaĝo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nmout | mott |
| 2sg | tmout | mott |
| 3sg ms | ymout | meet |
| 3sg fm | tmout | meetet |
| 1pl | nmouto | motne |
| 2pl | tmouto | motto |
| 3pl | ymouto | meeto |
| Present Ablaut | Past Ablaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Qaal — "to say" | ou | o |
| Qaas — "to measure" | ii | e |
| Seem — "to guess price" | ou | o |
| Meel — "to tilt" | ii | e |
| Ḍaaĝ — "to get lost" | ii | o |
| Ꝁaaf — "to be afraid/fesr" | aa | o |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + C{present ablaut}C | C{past ablaut}C + t |
| 2sg | t + C{present ablaut}C | C{past ablaut}C + t |
| 3sg ms | y + C{present ablaut}C | CVVC |
| 3sg fm | t + C{present ablaut}C | CVVC + et |
| 1pl | n + C{present ablaut}C + o | C{past ablaut}C + ne |
| 2pl | t + C{present ablaut}C + o | C{past ablaut}C + to |
| 3pl | y + C{present ablaut}C + o | CVVC + o |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nsedd | saddiit |
| 2sg | tsedd | saddiit |
| 3sg ms | ysedd | sadd |
| 3sg fm | tsedd | saddet |
| 1pl | nseddo | saddiine |
| 2pl | tseddo | saddiito |
| 3pl | yseddo | saddo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nħoṭṭ | ħaṭṭiit |
| 2sg | tħoṭṭ | ħaṭṭiit |
| 3sg ms | yħoṭṭ | ħaṭṭ |
| 3sg fm | tħoṭṭ | ħaṭṭet |
| 1pl | nħoṭṭo | ħaṭṭiine |
| 2pl | tħoṭṭo | ħaṭṭiito |
| 3pl | yħoṭṭo | ħaṭṭo |
| Ablaut | |
|---|---|
| Ħaṭṭ — "to put" | o |
| Faḍḍ — "to establish a matter" | o |
| Kaħħ — "to cough" | o |
| Sabb - "to insult" | e |
| Ṣabb — "to download/pour" | o |
| Garr — "to admit" | e |
| Fadd — "to be bored" | e |
| Sadd — "to clog/block" | e |
| Madd — "to hand" | e |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + C{ablaut}CC | CVCC + iit |
| 2sg | t + C{ablaut}CC | CVCC + iit |
| 3sg ms | y + C{ablaut}CC | CVCC |
| 3sg fm | t + C{ablaut}CC | CVCC + et |
| 1pl | n + C{ablaut}CC + o | CVCC + iine |
| 2pl | t + C{ablaut}CC + o | CVCC + iito |
| 3pl | y + C{ablaut}CC + o | CVCC + o |
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | noureŧ | wreŧt | — |
| 2sg | toureŧ | wreŧt | oureŧ |
| 3sg ms | youreŧ | wreŧ | — |
| 3sg fm | toureŧ | werŧet | — |
| 1pl | nourŧo | wreŧne | — |
| 2pl | tourŧo | wreŧto | ourŧo |
| 3pl | yourŧo | werŧo | — |
| Ablaut | |
|---|---|
| CCoC | o |
| CCeC | e |
| Ĝmal — "to do" | a |
| Dꝁal — "to enter" | o |
| Ꝁṭaf — "to kidnap/to do something quick/to improbably finally work" | o |
| Ħfaḍ — "to memorize" | a |
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nousel | wsolt | — |
| 2sg | tousel | wsolt | ousel |
| 3sg ms | yousel | wsol | — |
| 3sg fm | tousel | woslet | — |
| 1pl | nouslo | wsolne | — |
| 2pl | nouslo | wsolto | ouslo |
| 3pl | nouslo | wsolto | — |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nodꝁel | dꝁalt |
| 2sg | todꝁel | dꝁalt |
| 3sg ms | yodꝁel | dꝁal |
| 3sg fm | todꝁel | daꝁlet |
| 1pl | nodꝁlo | dꝁalne |
| 2pl | todꝁlo | dꝁalto |
| 3pl | yodꝁlo | daꝁlo |
| Ablaut | |
|---|---|
| Mşee — "to go" | i |
| Ĝtaa — "to give" | i |
| Nsee — "to forget" | e |
| Qraa — "to study" | a |
| Flee — "to scrutinize" | i |
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eene (1sg) | nra | riit | — |
| Enti (2sg) | tra | riit | ra (but commonly: şouf) |
| Húe (3sg ms) | yra | raa | — |
| Híe (3sg fm) | tra | raat | — |
| Aħne (1pl) | nraao | riine | — |
| Entoume (2pl) | traao | riito | raao (but commonly: şoufo) |
| Houme (3pl) | yraao | raao | — |
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eene (1sg) | nji | jiit | — |
| Enti (2sg) | tji | jiit | iije |
| Húe (3sg ms) | yji | jee | — |
| Híe (3sg fm) | tji | jeet | — |
| Aħne (1pl) | njiio | jiine | — |
| Entoume (2pl) | tjiio | jiito | iijeeo |
| Houme (3pl) | yjiio | jeeo | — |
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | neeꝁeđ | ꝁđiit | — |
| 2sg | teeꝁeđ | ꝁđiit | ꝁouđ (ꝁoo) |
| 3sg ms | yeeꝁeđ | ꝁđee | — |
| 3sg fm | teeꝁeđ | ꝁđeet | — |
| 1pl | neeꝁđo | ꝁđiine | — |
| 2pl | teeꝁđo | ꝁđiito | ꝁoudo |
| 3pl | yeeꝁđo | ꝁđeeo | — |
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | neekel | kliit | — |
| 2sg | teekel | kliit | koul |
| 3sg ms | yeekel | klee | — |
| 3sg fm | teekel | kleet | — |
| 1pl | neeklo | kliine | — |
| 2pl | teeklo | kliito | koulo |
| 3pl | yeeklo | kleeo | — |
| Independent | Suffixed | |
|---|---|---|
| Eene | líe | -li |
| Enti | liik | -lek |
| Húe | liih | -lo |
| Híe | liihe | -lhe |
| Aħne | liine | -lne |
| Entoume | liikom | -lkom |
| Houme | liihom | -lhom |
| b | d | đ | f | g | ĝ | ğ | h | ħ | j | k | ꝁ | l | m | n | q | r | s | ş | t | ŧ | w | y | z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | beeb [door] | — | baaḍ (lay egg) | — | — | beeĝ (sell) | — | — | — | beej [beige] | baac [baccalaureate] | — | beel (urinate) | — | been (become clear) | — | baar [verge] | bees (kiss) | beeş [with what] | beet (stay overnight) | — | — | — | — |
| d | daab [ATM] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | deeꝁ (pass out) | — | deem (last) | — | — | daar (turn around) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| đ | đeeb (thaw, melt) | — | — | — | — | ḍaaĝ (be lost, go missing) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | đeeq (taste) ḍaaq (to shrinken) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| f | — | feed (benifit, provide information) | — | — | — | — | — | — | feeħ (intensify, go crazy) | — | — | — | foul [fava bean] | — | — | feeq (wake up) | faar [mouse] | — | — | feet (overrun, break) | — | — | — | — |
| g | — | geed (lead cattle) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | gaaz [gas, natural gas]; geez [gasoline] |
| ĝ | ĝaab (mock smone for an out of reach inconsistency | ĝaad [for God's sake] | — | ĝaaf (be disgusted with smth) | — | — | — | — | — | ĝaaj [ivory] | — | — | — | ĝaam (swim) | ĝaan (help) ĝiin [eye] | — | ĝaar [disgrace] | — | ĝaaş (live, exist) | — | — | — | — | — |
| ğ | ğaab (be absent) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ğaar (become jealous) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| h | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | heej (excite, rave) | haak [here take] | — | heil [cardamom] | — | heen (be easy) | — | — | — | — | heet [give!] | — | — | — | — |
| ħ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ħaal [overwhelmed being] | — | — | — | ħaar (worry) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| j | jeeb (bring) | — | — | — | — | jeeĝ (feel hungry) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | jaar [neighbor] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| k | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | keen (be) | — | — | kees [glass, cup] | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ꝁ | ꝁaab (be unsuitable) | — | — | ꝁaaf (be afraid) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ꝁouꝁ [peach] | ꝁaal [maternal uncle] | — | ꝁaan (betray, cheat on) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| l | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | loul [first] | leem (blame) | leen (soften), loun [color] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| m | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | meel (tilt) | — | — | — | — | — | — | meet (die) | — | — | meey [May] | — |
| n | neeb [tusk, fang] (substitute) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | naar [fire] | nees [people] | — | — | — | — | naay [flute] | — |
| q | — | — | — | — | — | qaaĝ [bottom] | — | — | — | — | — | — | qaal (say, tell) | qaam (wake up, stand up, resurrect) | — | — | — | qaas (measure) | — | qout (aliments) | — | — | — | — |
| r | raab (curdle) | — | raaḍ (go quiet, be under control) | raaf (have mercy) | — | — | — | — | raaħ (departure, farewell) | — | — | — | — | raam (acclimate, warm up {animals}) | — | — | — | raas [head] | — | — | — | — | raay [opinion, decision-making] | — |
| s | — | — | — | siif [sword], ṣiif [summer] | — | — | — | — | seeħ (melt-ish) ṣaah (yell, scream) | — | — | — | seel (be owed, drip) | ṣaam (fast) / seem (guess the price) | ṣaan (protect) | seeq [leg] (drive) | ṣaar (become) | sees [basis, foundation] | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ş | şeeb (grow old) | — | — | şeef (notice, see) | — | — | — | — | şeeħ (dry, evaporate) | — | — | şeeꝁ (have fun) | — | — | — | — | — | — | şeeş [guaze] | şaaṭ (kick {ball}, stink) | — | — | — | — |
| t | teeb (repent) ṭaab (for meal to cook) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ṭaaħ (fall) | teej [crown] | — | — | ṭaal (last long) ṭoul [length, height] | — | — | ṭaaq [floor {building}, shelf] | ṭaar (fly) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ŧ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ŧaar (revolt) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| w | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| y | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | youm [day] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| z | — | zeed (increase, add) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | zaar (visit) | — | — | — | — | — | — | zeez (enter), zouz [two, couple, pair] |
| Raa | Mĝa | L | B | Fi | Kif | Ĝla | W | Leezem | Ĝin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eene | Raani | Mĝaay | Líe | Bíe | Fíe | Kifi | Ĝlíe | Waíeey | Leezemni | Ĝini |
| Enti | Raak | Mĝaak | Lik | Bik | Fik | Kifek | Ĝlik | Waíeek | Leezmek | Ĝinek |
| Húe | Raaho | Mĝaah | Lih | Bih | Fih | Kifou | Ĝlih | Waíeeh | Leezmo | Ĝino |
| Híe | Raahi | Mĝaahe | Lihe | Bihe | Fihe | Kifhe | Ĝlihe | Waíeehe | Leezemhe | Ĝinhe |
| Aħne | Raane | Mĝaane | Line | Bine | Fine | Kifne | Ĝline | Waíeene | Leezemne | Ĝinne |
| Entoume | Raakom | Mĝaakom | Likom | Bikom | Fikom | Kifkom | Ĝlikom | Waíeekom | Leezemkom | Ĝinkom |
| Houme | Raahom | Mĝaahom | Lihom | Bihom | Fihom | Kifhom | Ĝlihom | Waíeehom | Leezemhom | Ĝinhom |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| Eene | nkoun | kont |
| Enti | tkoun | kont |
| Híe | tkoun | keenet |
| Húe | ykoun | keen |
| Aħne | nkouno | konne |
| Entoume | tkouno | konto |
| Houme | ykouno | keeno |
| Şnúe | Şkoun | L şkoun | Mteeĝ şkoun | Eene | Wein | Mnein | Fein | Waqteeş | Ĝleeş | Kifeeş | Qaddeeş | B qaddeeş | Beeş | Feeş | Mneeş | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Translation | What | Who | To whom | Whose | Which | Where | Where from | Where in | When | Why | How | How much/many | How much/many for | What with | What (progressive action) | What due to |
| Suffixed? | No | Yes! | No | No | No | Yes! | No | Yes! | No | No | Yes (change it to Kifenn) | No | No | No | No | No |
| b | d | đ | f | g | ĝ | ğ | h | ħ | j | k | ꝁ | l | m | n | q | r | s | ş | t | ŧ | w | y | z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | — | bdee (start) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | bkee [(cry)] | — | blee [(test)] | — | bnee (build) | bqaa (stay) | braa (heal) | — | — | bṭaa (be late) | — | — | — | — |
| d | dbee (inch march) | — | — | dfee (be warm) [warmth] | — | dĝaa (pray[er]) | — | — | — | — | — | — | dlee (cast, admit) | dmee (heavily bleed) | dnee (come near) | — | draa (have knowledge) | — | — | — | — | dwee [medicine] | — | — |
| đ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ḍwee (glow) | — | — |
| f | — | fdee ([sacrifice] oneself) | fḍaa (be free≠busy) [space] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | flee (scrutinize) | — | fnee (vanish) [vanishing] | — | — | fsee (metastasize) | fşee (spread) | — | — | — | — | — |
| g | — | gdee [sufficiency] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ĝ | — | ĝdee (infect) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ĝmee (go blind/blind smone) [blindness] | — | — | ĝree (nakedness) | — | — | ĝṭaa (give) | — | ĝwee [(howl)] | ĝyee (be exhausted) | ĝzee [poor thing, pre-funeral] |
| ğ | — | ğdee [lunch] | — | ğfee (snooze) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ğlee (become expensive/boil) [expensiveness] | — | ğnee [songs] | — | ğraa [entice] | — | — | ğṭaa [blanket, lid] | — | ğwee (seduce) | — | ğzee (conquer) |
| h | — | hdee (be calm; to present with) | hđee (be delulu) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | hwee [air] | — | — |
| ħ | ħbee (crawl) | — | ħđee [vicinity] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ħkee (speak) | — | — | ħmee (protect, furnace) [father-in-law] | — | — | — | — | ħşee (stuff) | — | — | * | ħyee (feel alive) | — |
| j | jbee (tax - historical) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | jlee (mess up) | — | jnee (commit felony) | — | jree (run) | — | — | — | jŧee (kneel) | — | — | jzee (reward) |
| k | — | — | — | kfee (be enough) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | klee (eat) | — | — | — | kree [(rent)] | ksee (clothe well) | — | — | — | kwee (iron) | — | — |
| ꝁ | — | — | ꝁđee (take) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ꝁlee (screw up) | — | — | — | * | — | — | ꝁṭaa (leave alone) | — | ꝁwee [empty stomach] | — | ꝁzee (bring shame) |
| l | — | — | — | — | — | — | lğaa (cancel) | lhee (engage in distraction) | lħaa [bark] | — | — | — | — | — | — | lqaa (find) | — | — | — | — | — | lwee (twist) | — | — |
| m | — | — | mḍaa (sign) | — | — | — | — | — | mħaa (erase) | — | — | — | mlee [(fill)] | — | — | — | mraa [woman] | — | mşee (go) | — | — | — | myee [hundred] | — |
| n | — | ndee [dew] | — | nfee (exile) | — | — | — | nhee (forbid, finish) | — | njee (survive) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | nsee (forget) [women] | — | — | — | nwee (intend) | — | — |
| q | — | — | qḍaa (shop, exhaust) [fatal destiny] | qfee [back] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | qlee (fry) | — | — | — | qraa (study, read) | — | — | — | — | qwee (be stronger) | — | — |
| r | rbee [interest as un banking; naughty person/thing] | — | rḍaa (be satisfied) [satisfaction] | — | — | — | — | — | rħaa (grind) [milled grain] | — | — | — | — | rmee (throw) | — | — | — | — | rşee (bribe) | — | — | rwee (water someone) | — | rzee (cause significant loss) |
| s | sbee (enslave, loot) | — | — | sfee [unwanted item] ṣfee (become clear) | — | sĝaa (strive) | — | shee (zone out) | — | — | — | — | — | smee [sky] | snee [year] | sqaa (water something) | — | — | — | — | — | swee (straighten) | — | — |
| ş | — | — | — | şfee (cure - historical) [apetite] | — | — | — | — | — | — | şkee (complain, file a suit) | — | — | — | — | şqaa (go through [hardship]) | şree (buy) | — | — | ştee [winter] | — | şwee [(grill)] | — | — |
| t | — | — | — | ṭfee (be switched off) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ṭraa (soften) | — | — | — | — | ṭwee (fold; blanket) | — | — |
| ŧ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ŧnee (fold) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| w | — | — | — | wfee (run out, be over) | — | — | — | — | wħaa (be revealed to) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | wraa [behind] | — | — | wṭaa [floor] | — | — | — | — |
| y | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| z | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | zhee (feel vibrant) | — | — | — | — | — | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | — | [zwee (shreik; a child or a rabbit)] | — | — |
| Object | Dependent possessive | Independent possessive | Abstract reflexive | Effective reflexive | Negative stative | Desire | Reckoning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eene | -ni | -i | mteeĝi | rouħi | bydi | meniiş | ĝyni | fibeeli |
| Enti | -(e)k | -(e)k | mteeĝek | rouħek | bydek | mekş | ĝynek | fibeelek |
| Húe | -o (-h) | -o (-h) | mteeĝo | rouħo | bydo | mehouş | ĝyno | fibeelo |
| Híe | -he | -he | mteeĝhe | rouħhe | bydhe | meheeş | ĝynhe | fibeelhe |
| Aħne | -ne | -ne | mteeĝne | rweeħne | bydne | meneeş | ĝynne | fibeelne |
| Entoume | -kom | -kom | mteeĝkom | rweeħkom | bydkom | mekomş | ĝynkom | fibeelkom |
| Houme | -hom | -hom | mteeĝhom | rweeħhom | bydhom | mehomş | ĝynhom | fibeelhom |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular masculine | Eene | Enti (Ente*) | Húe |
| Singular feminine | Eene | Enti (Enti*) | Híe |
| Plural | Aħne | Entoume | Houme |
| from, due to | about, over | to, for | in | with (abstract) | like | with (physical) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | men | ĝle | l | fi | b | kif | mĝe |
| Mutated | m | ĝa(C) | l | f | b | k | mĝa(C) |
| Letters | |
|---|---|
| Coronal | d, đ, j, l, n, r, s, ş, t, ŧ, z |
| Non-Coronal | b, f, g, ĝ, ğ, h, ħ, k, ꝁ, m, p, q, v, w, x, y |
| Vowels | a, e, ë, i, o, u |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nektb | ktebt |
| 2sg | tekteb | ktebt |
| 3sg ms | yekteb | kteb |
| 3sg fm | tekteb | ketbet |
| 1pl | nektbo | ktebne |
| 2pl | tektbo | ktebto |
| 3pl | yektbo | ketbo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | naĝmel | ĝmalt |
| 2sg | taĝmel | ĝmalt |
| 3sg ms | yaĝmel | ĝmal |
| 3sg fm | taĝmel | ĝamlet |
| 1pl | naĝmlo | ĝmalne |
| 2pl | taĝmlo | ĝmalto |
| 3pl | yaĝmlo | ĝamlo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + {ablaut} + CCeC | CCVC + t |
| 2sg | t + {ablaut} + CCeC | CCVC + t |
| 3sg ms | y + {ablaut} + CCeC | CVCC + et |
| 3sg fm | t + {ablaut} + CCeC | CCVC |
| 1pl | n + {ablaut} + CCC + o | CCVC + ne |
| 2pl | t + {ablaut} + CCC + o | CCVC + to |
| 3pl | y+ {ablaut} + CCC + o | CVCC + o |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nemşi | mşiit |
| 2sg | temşi | mşiit |
| 3sg ms | yemşi | mşee |
| 3sg fm | temşi | mşeet |
| 1pl | nemşiio | mşiine |
| 2pl | temşiio | mşiito |
| 3pl | yemşiio | mşeeo |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | naqra | qriit |
| 2sg | taqra | qriit |
| 3sg ms | yaqra | qraa |
| 3sg fm | taqra | qraat |
| 1pl | naqraao | qriine |
| 2pl | taqraao | qriito |
| 3pl | yaqraao | qraao |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + VCC + {ablaut} | CC + iit |
| 2sg | t + VCC + {ablaut} | CC + iit |
| 3sg ms | y + VCC + {ablaut} | CCVV |
| 3sg fm | t + VCC + {ablaut} | CCVV + t |
| 1pl | n+ VCC + {ablaut×2} + o | CC + iine |
| 2pl | t + VCC + {ablaut×2} + o | CC + iito |
| 3pl | y + VCC + {ablaut×2} + o | CCVV + o |