Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Tounsi
| b | d | đ | f | g | ĝ | ğ | h | ħ | j | k | ꝁ | l | m | n | q | r | s | ş | t | ŧ | w | y | z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | beeb [door] | — | baađ (lay egg) | — | — | beeĝ (sell) | — | — | — | beej [beige] | — | — | beel (urinate) | — | been (become clear) | — | baar [verge] | bees (kiss) | beeş [with what] | beet (stay overnight) | — | — | — | — |
| d | daab [ATM] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | deeꝁ (pass out) | — | — | — | — | daar (turn around) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| đ | đeeb (thaw, melt) | — | — | — | — | đaaĝ (be lost, go missing) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | đeeq (taste) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| f | — | feed (benifit, provide information) | — | — | — | — | — | — | feeħ (intensify, go crazy) | — | — | — | — | — | — | feeq (wake up) | faar [mouse] | — | — | feet (overrun, break) | — | — | — | — |
| g | — | geed (lead cattle) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | gaaz [gas, natural gas]; geez [gasoline] |
| ĝ | — | ĝaad [for God's sake] | — | ĝaaf (be disgusted with smth) | — | — | — | — | — | ĝaaj [ivory] | — | — | — | ĝaam (swim) | ĝaan (help) | — | ĝaar [disgrace] | — | ĝaaş (live, exist) | — | — | — | — | — |
| ğ | ğaab (be absent) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ğaar (become jealous) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| h | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | heej (excite, rave) | haak [here take] | — | heil [cardamom] | — | heen (be easy) | — | — | — | — | heet [give!] | — | — | — | — |
| ħ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ħaal [overwhelmed being] | — | — | — | ħaar (worry) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| j | jeeb (bring) | — | — | — | — | jeeĝ (feel hungry) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | jaar [neighbor] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| k | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | keen (be) | — | — | kees [glass, cup] | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ꝁ | ꝁaab (be unsuitable) | — | — | ꝁaaf (be afraid) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ꝁouꝁ [peach] | ꝁaal [maternal uncle] | — | ꝁaan (betray, cheat on) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| l | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | loul [first] | leem (blame) | leen (soften), loun [color] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| m | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | meel (tilt) | — | — | — | — | — | — | meet (die) | — | — | meey [May] | — |
| n | neeb [tusk, fang] (substitute) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | naar [fire] | nees [people] | — | — | — | — | naay [flute] | — |
| q | — | — | — | — | — | qaaĝ [bottom] | — | — | — | — | — | — | qaal (say, tell) | qaam (wake up, stand up, resurrect) | — | — | — | qaas (measure) | — | qout (aliments) | — | — | — | — |
| r | raab (curdle) | — | raađ (go calm, be controlled) | raaf (have mercy) | — | — | — | — | raaħ (departure) | — | — | — | — | raam (acclimate, warm up {animals}) | — | — | — | raas [head] | — | — | — | — | raay [opinion, decision-making] | — |
| s | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | seeħ (melt-ish) | — | — | — | seel (be owed, drip) | saam (fast) | saan (protect) | seeq [leg] | saar (become) | sees [basis, foundation] | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ş | şeeb (grow old) | — | — | şeef (notice, see) | — | — | — | — | şeeħ (dry) | — | — | şeeꝁ (have fun) | — | — | — | — | — | — | şeeş [guaze] | şaat (kick {ball}) | — | — | — | — |
| t | teeb (repent) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | taaħ (fall) | teej [crown] | — | — | taal (last long) toul [length, height] | — | — | taaq [floor {building}, shelf] | taar (fly) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ŧ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ŧaar (revolt) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| w | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| y | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | youm [day] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| z | — | zeed (increase, add) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | zaar (visit) | — | — | — | — | — | — | zeez (enter), zouz [two, couple, pair] |
| Raa | Mĝa | L | B | Fi | Kif | Ĝla | W | Leezem | Ĝin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eene | Raani | Mĝaay | Líe | Bíe | Fíe | Kifi | Ĝlíe | Waíeey | Leezemni | Ĝini |
| Enti | Raak | Mĝaak | Lik | Bik | Fik | Kifek | Ĝlik | Waíeek | Leezmek | Ĝinek |
| Húe | Raaho | Mĝaah | Lih | Bih | Fih | Kifou | Ĝlih | Waíeeh | Leezmo | Ĝino |
| Híe | Raahi | Mĝaahe | Lihe | Bihe | Fihe | Kifhe | Ĝlihe | Waíeehe | Leezemhe | Ĝinhe |
| Aħne | Raane | Mĝaane | Line | Bine | Fine | Kifne | Ĝline | Waíeene | Leezemne | Ĝinne |
| Entoume | Raakom | Mĝaakom | Likom | Bikom | Fikom | Kifkom | Ĝlikom | Waíeekom | Leezemkom | Ĝinkom |
| Houme | Raahom | Mĝaahom | Lihom | Bihom | Fihom | Kifhom | Ĝlihom | Waíeehom | Leezemhom | Ĝinhom |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | naĝti | taĝti | taĝti | yaĝti |
| Plural | naĝtio | taĝtio | yaĝtio | yaĝtio |
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| Eene | nkoun | kont |
| Enti | tkoun | kont |
| Híe | tkoun | keenet |
| Húe | ykoun | keen |
| Aħne | nkouno | konne |
| Entoume | tkouno | konto |
| Houme | ykouno | keeno |
| Şnúe | Şkoun | L şkoun | Mteeĝ şkoun | Eene | Wein | Mnein | Fein | Waqteeş | Ĝleeş | Kifeeş | Qaddeeş | B qaddeeş | Beeş | Feeş | Mneeş | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Translation | What | Who | To whom | Whose | Which | Where | Where from | Where in | When | Why | How | How much/many | How much/many for | What with | What (progressive action) | What due to |
| Suffixed? | No | Yes! | No | No | No | Yes! | No | Yes! | No | No | Yes (change it to Kifenn) | No | No | No | No | No |
| b | d | đ | f | g | ĝ | ğ | h | ħ | j | k | ꝁ | l | m | n | q | r | s | ş | t | ŧ | w | y | z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | — | bdee (start) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | bkee [(cry)] | — | blee [(test)] | — | bnee (build) | bqaa (stay) | braa (heal) | — | — | btaa (be late) | — | — | — | — |
| d | dbee (inch march) | — | — | dfee (be warm) [warmth] | — | dĝëë [(pray)] | — | — | — | — | — | — | dlee (cast, admit) | dmee (heavily bleed) | dnee (come near) | — | draa (have knowledge) | — | — | — | — | dwee [medicine] | — | — |
| đ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | đwee (glow) | — | — |
| f | — | fdee ([sacrifice] oneself) | fđaa (be free≠busy) [space] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | flee (scrutinize) | — | fnee (vanish) [vanishing] | — | — | fsee (metastasize) | fşee (spread) | — | — | — | — | — |
| g | — | gdee [sufficiency] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ĝ | — | ĝdee (infect) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ĝmee (go blind) [blindness] | — | — | ĝree (nakedness) | — | — | ĝtaa (give) | — | ĝwee [(howl)] | ĝyee (be exhausted) | ĝzee [poor thing, pre-funeral] |
| ğ | — | ğdee [lunch] | — | ğfee (snooze) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ğlee (become expensive/boil) [expensiveness] | — | ğnee [songs] | — | ğraa (entice) | — | — | ĝtaa [blanket, lid] | — | ğwee (seduce) | — | ğzee (conquer) |
| h | — | hdee (be calm; to present with) | hđee (be delulu) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | hwee [air] | — | — |
| ħ | ħbee (crawl) | — | ħđee [vicinity] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ħkee (speak) | — | — | ħmee (protect) [father-in-law] | — | — | — | — | ħşee (stuff) | — | — | * | ħyee (feel alive) | — |
| j | jbee (tax - historical) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | jlee (mess up) | — | jnee (commit felony) | — | jree (run) | — | — | — | jŧee (kneel) | — | — | jzee (reward) |
| k | — | — | — | kfee (be enough) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | klee (eat) | — | — | — | kree [(rent)] | ksee (clothe well) | — | — | — | kwee (iron) | — | — |
| ꝁ | — | — | ꝁđee (take) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ꝁlee (screw up) | — | — | — | * | — | — | ꝁtaa (leave alone) | — | ꝁwee [empty stomach] | — | ꝁzee (bring shame) |
| l | — | — | — | — | — | — | lğaa (cancel) | — | lħaa [bark] | — | — | — | — | — | — | lqaa (find) | — | — | — | — | — | lwee (twist) | — | — |
| m | — | — | mđaa (sign) | — | — | — | — | — | mħaa (erase) | — | — | — | mlee [(fill)] | — | — | — | mraa [woman] | — | mşee (go) | — | — | — | myee [hundred] | — |
| n | — | ndee [dew] | — | nfee (exile) | — | — | — | nhee (forbid, finish) | — | njee (survive) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | nsee (forget) [women] | — | — | — | nwee (intend) | — | — |
| q | — | — | qđaa (shop) [fatal destiny] | qfee [back] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | qlee (fry) | — | — | — | qraa (study, read) | — | — | — | — | qwee (be stronger) | — | — |
| r | — | — | rđaa (be satisfied) [satisfaction] | — | — | — | — | — | rħaa (grind) [milled grain] | — | — | — | — | rmee (throw) | — | — | — | — | rşee (bribe) | — | — | rwee (water someone) | — | rzee (cause severe lost) |
| s | sbee (enslave, loot) | — | — | sfee [unwanted item] (become clear) | — | sĝëë (strive) | — | shee (be zoned out) | — | — | — | — | — | smee [sky] | snee [year] | sqaa (water something) | — | — | — | — | — | swee (straighten) | — | — |
| ş | — | — | — | şfee (cure - historical) [apetite] | — | — | — | — | — | — | şkee (complain, file a suit) | — | — | — | — | şqaa (go through [hardship]) | şree (buy) | — | — | ştee [winter] | — | şwee [(grill)] | — | — |
| t | — | — | — | tfee (switch off) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | twee (fold; blanket) | — | — |
| ŧ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ŧnee (fold) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| w | — | — | — | wfee (run out, be over) | — | — | — | — | wħaa (be revealed to) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | wraa [behind] | — | — | wtaa [floor] | — | — | — | — |
| y | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| z | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | zhee (feel vibrant) | — | — | — | — | — | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | — | [zwee (shreik; a child or a rabbit)] | — | — |
| Object | Dependent possessive | Independent possessive | Abstract reflexive | Effective reflexive | Independent negative auxiliary | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eene | -ni | -i | mteeĝi | rouħi | bydi | meniş |
| Enti | -(e)k | -(e)k | mteeĝek | rouħek | bydek | mekş |
| Húe | -o (-h) | -o (-h) | mteeĝo | rouħo | bydo | mehouş |
| Híe | -he | -he | mteeĝhe | rouħhe | bydhe | meheeş |
| Aħne | -ne | -ne | mteeĝne | rweeħne | bydne | meneeş |
| Entoume | -kom | -kom | mteeĝkom | rweeħkom | bydkom | mekomş |
| Houme | -hom | -hom | mteeĝhom | rweeħhom | bydhom | mehomş |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular masculine | Eene | Enti (Ente*) | Húe |
| Singular feminine | Eene | Enti (Enti*) | Híe |
| Plural | Aħne | Entoume | Houme |
| from, due to | about, over | to, for | in | with | like | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | men | ĝle | l | fi | b | kif |
| Mutated | m | ĝa | l | f | b | k |
| Letters | |
|---|---|
| Coronal | d, đ, j, l, n, r, s, ş, t, ŧ, z |
| Non-Coronal | b, f, g, ĝ, ğ, h, ħ, k, ꝁ, m, p, q, v, w, x, y |
| Vowels | a, e, ë, i, o, u, |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | nektb / naĝml | tektb / taĝml | tektb / taĝml | yektb / yaĝml |
| Plural | nektbo / naĝmlo | tektbo / taĝmlo | yektbo / yaĝmlo | yektbo / yaĝmlo |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | n + Pr.s | t + Pr.s | t + Pr.s | y + Pr.s |
| Plural | n + Pr.s + o | t + Pr.s + o | y + Pr.s + o | y + Pr.s + o |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ktebt / ĝmalt | ktebt / ĝmalt | ketbet / ĝamlet | kteb / ĝmal |
| Plural | ktebne / ĝmalne | ktebto / ĝmalto | ketbo / ĝamlo | ketbo / ĝamlo |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Inf. + t | Inf. + t | Ps.s + et | Inf. |
| Plural | Inf. + ne | Inf. + to | Ps.s + o | Ps.s + o |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | nemşi / naqraa | temşi / taqraa | temşi / taqraa | yemşi / yaqraa |
| Plural | nemşiou / naqraao | temşio / taqraao | yemşio / yaqraao | yemşio / yaqrraao |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Ps.s + t | Ps.s + t | Inf. + t | Inf. |
| Plural | Ps.s + ne | Ps.s + to | Inf. + o | Inf. + o |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | mşeit / qreit | mşeit / qreit | mşeet / qraat | mşee / qraa |
| Plural | mşeine / qreine | mşeito / qreito | mşeeo / qraao | mşeeo / qraao |
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | n + Pr.s | t + Pr.s | t + Pr.s | y + Pr.s |
| Plural | n + Pr.s + o | t + Pr.s + o | y + Pr.s + o | y + Pr.s + o |