Particles

Na - Agentive/Volitional

This particle is used to mark intentionality in a verb. It functions akin to the English "chose to", "decided to", or even "want" when used with a past tense.

Šo - Passive/Non-Volitional

This particle is used to mark unintentionality, happenstance, and experiencing. It does NOT part passive verbal voicing although it can often be translated as such.

Na and Šo are most commonly used to clarify if a subject/speaker made the choice to do something actively, through their own volition, or if the subject is merely experiencing something beyond their control (For example, the difference between "hearing" and "listening" in English). While the use of these particles is optional, the absence of them in speech is seen as a marked choice towards dishonesty or deception.

Za - Politeness

"Za" is used to make requests and increase the politeness of a statement, akin to English "please".

Due to its primary use in making requests, it carries an agentive meaning and cannot be used alongside "šo"

Additionally, "za" may be used before formal pronouns to express honorific references akin to "sir" or "madam"

Źo - Imperative

"Źo" is used to make commands and instructions. Like with "Za", it cannot be used with "šo" as giving or responding to commands are intentional.

Ckō - Question

"Ckō" is used to mark non-WH questions as interrogatives.

Lā - Reflexive

Lā behaves more similarity to a pronoun than other Vāštaq particles. Occupying the position of an object in a sentence and in certain circumstances enabling multiple verbs to anaphorically connect to the same subject.

Fā - Subject Reference

Fā functions like a nominative 1st person pronoun. It does not specify a number as that can be determined by context. Fā is considered a particle and not a pronoun due to how it interacts with other grammatical elements. For example, Lā cannot refer back to fā, and fā cannot be used with adjectives.