Verbs

Verbal noun:

The verbal noun is denoted by removing the infinitive ending (-ť) and adding -nnie

Future tense:

Add a properly conjugated form of byť (bų́dų, bų́diêš, bų́diê, etc.) with either the infinitive (-ť) or the past tense(-la, -lo, -l, etc.)

Complex Past Tense:

The infinitive stays the same, but the conjugates change: čitáť, čitáłem/čitáłam/čitáł. It may also take the form of the past tense + past tense conjugates of byť (jsom, jesteš, jsi, jesćme, jeste, jsú); sometimes, they are used in tandem, i.e., jsom čitáł.

Simple past tense:

For imperfective verbs, the future tense is formed analytically; perfective verbs are identical to the present tense. Some examples are as follows:

skryť: skržyjem

skrývať: bų́dų skržyváť

Present adverbial participle (imperfective verbs only):

Spiêvájąc (meaning "(when) singing", "by singing", etc.)

For first person singular verbs, -(j)ų may be used instead of -m, most commonly of which is on future tense first person singular verbs: bų́dų spiêváť

Present adjectival participle (imperfective verbs only):

Formed from the present adverbial participle by adding adjectival endings, such as spiêvájący, etc., meaning "singing" (as an attributive adjective), although such participles can be used to form extended adjectival phrases, which (usually unlike in English) can precede the noun.

Present passive participle:

Present passive participle is derived from the present tense stem as well, adding -omy (-emy after a soft consonant) in the first conjugation and -imy in the second: dielájemy, chválimy

Past passive participle (all transitive verbs):

-(é)ná, -(é)ný, -(é)né, or -ty (conjugated as an adjective):

This often corresponds to the English past participle, both in full adjective use andice.

The subjectless past tense is formed as the past participle but with the ending -o (e.g., spiêváné "there was sung").

The active present participle:

(= ~ing (one)) is formed using the suffixes -ąci / -iáci / -áci

skržyť: skržyjąci

skržyváť: skržyvájąci

Past active participle (perfective verbs only):

Like nadzábivšy "having killed" (from nadzabiváť "to kill"), this form is invariant.

A verbal noun, also called a gerund, is formed from the past participle with the ending -nnie, e.g., spiêvánnie. This is a neuter noun.

The passive voice:

The passive voice is formed either as in English using the reflexive pronoun 'sia':

skržyť: je skržyty; sia skržyje

skržyváť: je skržyvány; sia skržýva

The Transgressive:

The Transgressive (while/by) ...ing) is formed using the suffixes -ąc / -iac/-ac with the standard endings(-m, -š, je, etc.).

skržyť: skržyjouc (by hiding (perfective))

skržyváť: skržyvájouc ((while/during) hiding)

Conditional verbs:

Two conditional forms exist. Both are formed analytically from the past tense:

skržyť: skržylbym (I would hide), skržyłbym sia (I would have hidden)

skržyváť: skržyváłbym; skržyváłbym sia