Class II verbs have a short root vowel and end in a consonant cluster.

They form their basic tenses with tense vowels. These tense vowels are inserted between the root and the agreement ending.

Class II verbs use independent agreement endings. These endings attach after the tense vowel and show the subject of the verb.

What is Class II?

A verb belongs to Class II when its root has:

Feature	Value
root vowel	short
final setting	consonant cluster

Examples:

Root	Vowel	Final cluster	Infinitive	Meaning
gomp	o	mp	ym gomba	to dine; to have a meal
nekt	e	kt	ym nekta	to see; to have sight
fens	e	ns	ym fensa	to smell; to have a smell
lymt	y	mt	ym lymta	to be small
hrins	i	ns	ym hrinsa	to be cold

These roots are Class II because they contain a short vowel and end in a consonant cluster.

Root-final mutation in Class II

Some Class II roots change their final consonant when a vowel follows.

This matters because the infinitive ending -a and the Class II tense vowels -a-, -ø-, and -y- all begin with a vowel.

For example, the dictionary root is gomp, not gomb.

However, before a vowel, root-final -mp may surface as -mb.

Dictionary root	Surface stem before vowel	Example
gomp	gomb-	ym gomba
gomp	gomb-a-	a’gombame
gomp	gomb-ø-	a’gombøme
gomp	gomb-y-	a’gombyme

This mutation belongs to Maþal morphophonology. It does not change the verb class.

For class identification, gomp is still Class II because the dictionary root has a short vowel and ends in the consonant cluster -mp.

Independent agreement endings

A finite Maþal verb must show who or what its subject is.

In Class II, this is done with an independent agreement ending.

The ending shows:

Category	Meaning
person	1st, 2nd, or 3rd person
gender/class	common or neuter
number	singular or plural

The independent agreement ending comes after the tense vowel.

Independent agreement table

Person	Gender / Class	Number	Pronoun	Ending
1st	common	singular	míne	-me
1st	common	plural	vído	-vo
2nd	common	singular	dúle	-de
2nd	common	plural	týro	-to
2nd	neuter	singular	kóri	-ki
2nd	neuter	plural	gainu	-gu
3rd	common	singular	reise	-re
3rd	common	plural	nágo	-no
3rd	neuter	singular	púvi	-pi
3rd	neuter	plural	lábu	-lu

The dummy subject uses the neuter singular agreement ending:

Subject type	Pronoun	Ending
dummy subject	ðása	-pi

The ending marks the subject of the verb.

For example:

Form	Meaning
gomba-me	I dine
gomba-de	you dine
gomba-re	he/she dines
gomba-pi	it dines
gomba-no	they dine

Class II tense vowels

Class II verbs do not form tense by ablaut.

Instead, they insert a tense vowel after the root and before the independent agreement ending.

Tense	Tense vowel
present	-a-
past	-ø-
future	-y-

Examples:

Root	Present stem	Past stem	Future stem
gomp	gomb-a-	gomb-ø-	gomb-y-
nekt	nekt-a-	nekt-ø-	nekt-y-
fens	fens-a-	fens-ø-	fens-y-
lymt	lymt-a-	lymt-ø-	lymt-y-
hrins	hrins-a-	hrins-ø-	hrins-y-

The root vowel stays the same. The tense is shown by the inserted tense vowel.

Finite mood markers

Finite verbs also need a mood marker.

The mood marker stands before the verb.

Mood	Marker	Basic use
indicative	a’	real, stated, factual
subjunctive	u’	wished, possible, required, imagined, dependent

The indicative is used for ordinary statements.

The subjunctive is used for meanings such as possibility, wish, requirement, uncertainty, or dependent verbal meaning.

Examples:

Mood	Form	Meaning
indicative	a’gombame	I dine
subjunctive	u’gombame	that I dine; I may dine; I should dine

The exact English translation of the subjunctive depends on context.

Basic tense formation

Class II finite verbs are built like this:

Structure
mood marker + root/stem + tense vowel + independent agreement ending

Tense	Structure
present	mood + root/stem + -a- + independent ending
past	mood + root/stem + -ø- + independent ending
future	mood + root/stem + -y- + independent ending

Example with gomp “to dine; to have a meal”:

Tense	Parts	Form	Meaning
present	a’ + gomb + -a- + -me	a’gombame	I dine
past	a’ + gomb + -ø- + -me	a’gombøme	I dined
future	a’ + gomb + -y- + -me	a’gombyme	I will dine

The same pattern works with the subjunctive:

Tense	Parts	Form	Approximate meaning
present	u’ + gomb + -a- + -me	u’gombame	that I dine; I may dine
past	u’ + gomb + -ø- + -me	u’gombøme	that I dined; I might have dined
future	u’ + gomb + -y- + -me	u’gombyme	that I will dine; I should dine later

Full paradigm: gomp

The root gomp means “to dine” or “to have a meal.”

Because the root ends in -mp, it surfaces as gomb- before the tense vowels.

Its three tense stems are:

Tense	Stem
present	gomb-a-
past	gomb-ø-
future	gomb-y-

Indicative forms

Subject	Present	Past	Future
I	a’gombame	a’gombøme	a’gombyme
we	a’gombavo	a’gombøvo	a’gombyvo
you	a’gombade	a’gombøde	a’gombyde
you, plural	a’gombato	a’gombøto	a’gombyto
you, neuter singular	a’gombaki	a’gombøki	a’gombyki
you, neuter plural	a’gombagu	a’gombøgu	a’gombygu
he/she	a’gombare	a’gombøre	a’gombyre
they, common	a’gombano	a’gombøno	a’gombyno
it	a’gombapi	a’gombøpi	a’gombypi
they, neuter	a’gombalu	a’gombølu	a’gombylu

Subjunctive forms

Subject	Present	Past	Future
I	u’gombame	u’gombøme	u’gombyme
we	u’gombavo	u’gombøvo	u’gombyvo
you	u’gombade	u’gombøde	u’gombyde
you, plural	u’gombato	u’gombøto	u’gombyto
you, neuter singular	u’gombaki	u’gombøki	u’gombyki
you, neuter plural	u’gombagu	u’gombøgu	u’gombygu
he/she	u’gombare	u’gombøre	u’gombyre
they, common	u’gombano	u’gombøno	u’gombyno
it	u’gombapi	u’gombøpi	u’gombypi
they, neuter	u’gombalu	u’gombølu	u’gombylu

Pronouns and verb endings

Because the independent agreement ending already marks the subject, the independent subject pronoun is not always required.

With pronoun	Without pronoun	Meaning
Míne a’gombame.	a’gombame.	I dine.
Dúle a’gombade.	a’gombade.	You dine.
Reise a’gombare.	a’gombare.	He/she dines.
Púvi a’gombapi.	a’gombapi.	It dines.
Nágo a’gombano.	a’gombano.	They dine.

The pronoun can still be used for clarity, contrast, or emphasis.

Example:

Maþal	Meaning
Míne a’gombame, ika dúle.	I dine, not you.

Example sentences

Maþal	Meaning
Míne a’gombame.	I dine.
Míne a’gombøme.	I dined.
Míne a’gombyme.	I will dine.
Dúle a’nektade ei:púvi.	You see it.
Reise a’nektøre ei:míne.	He/she saw me.
Nágo a’fensyno ei:púvi.	They will smell it.
Púvi a’hrinsapi.	It is cold.

Class II with voice prefixes

Voice prefixes do not change the verb class.

A Class II root stays Class II even when ska-, sma-, or sva- is added.

The voice prefix stands after the mood marker and before the root.

Structure
mood marker + voice prefix + root/stem + tense vowel + independent agreement ending

Example with nekt “see; sight”:

Voice	Present	Meaning
default	a’nektare	he/she sees
agentive	a’ska-nektare	he/she looks deliberately; he/she observes
patientive / eventive	a’sma-nektare	he/she is seen
resultant state	a’sva-nektare	he/she is visible; he/she is in a seen state

The tense pattern stays the same.

Voice	Present	Past	Future
default	a’nektare	a’nektøre	a’nektyre
agentive	a’ska-nektare	a’ska-nektøre	a’ska-nektyre
patientive / eventive	a’sma-nektare	a’sma-nektøre	a’sma-nektyre
resultant state	a’sva-nektare	a’sva-nektøre	a’sva-nektyre

The voice prefix changes the relationship between the subject and the root meaning, but it does not change the Class II tense formation.