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General information about adverbs

4 min read · 799 words

Adverbs of place

In order to characterise an action, to indicate its feature, LPQR uses adverbs (adverbǐ). Most often, an adverb is connected with a verb and answers the questions “how?”, “where?”, “when?”, “how long?” the action occurs (occurred, will occur). Sometimes an adverb indicates a feature of a quality or an object and refers to an adjective (očjenj interesnǐj kniga, sovjeršenno njeponjatnǐj zadačja), to another adverb (sovjeršenno jasno) or to a noun (dviženije vpjerjod).

Depending on their meaning, adverbs are divided into several groups. Adverbs of place (mjestǐ-adverbǐ) are divided into gdje-adverbǐ, kuda-adverbǐ and otkuda-adverbǐ.

Gdje-adverbǐ (adverbs of place indicating location):

  • zdjesj (here)

  • tut  (here)

  • tam (there)

  • vjezdje (everywhere)

  • navjerhu (on top)

  • vnizu (at the bottom)

  • vnutri (inside)

  • vnje (outside)

  • vǐše (higher)

  • niže  (below)

  • ljevjeje (to the left)

  • pravjeje (more to the right)

  • vpjerjedi (in front)

  • szadi (from behind)

  • daljeko (far away)

  • blizko (close)

  • doma (at home)

  • vokrug (around)

Kuda-adverbǐ (adverbs of place indicating direction of movement):

  • sjuda (here)

  • tuda (there)

  • navjerh (up)

  • vniz (down)

  • vnutrj (inside)

  • vovnje (outside)

  • vpjerjod (forward)

  • nazad (back)

  • v_pjerjed (to in front)

  • v-za (to behind)

  • vljevo (to the left)

  • vpravo (to the right)

  • Vdaljeko  (to a long distance)

  • vblizko (to a close distance)

  • domoj (to home)

Otkuda-adverbǐ (adverbs of place indicating direction from an object):

  • otsjuda (from here)

  • ottuda (from there)

  • Otovsjudu (from everywhere)

  • iz-nad (from over, from above)

  • iz-pod (from under, from below)

  • iznutri (from within)

  • Izvnje (from outside)

  • iz-ljevjeje (from-left)

  • iz-pravjeje (from-the-right)

  • iz_pjerjed (from-forward)

  • iz-za (from behind)

  • iz-daljeko (from far away)

  • iz-blizko (from-close)

  • izdomu (from home)

Use of adverbs of place

Such gdje-adverbǐ as vnutri, vnje, vǐše, niže, ljevjeje, pravjeje, vpjerjedi, szadi, kuda-adverbǐ as vnutrj, vovnje, v_pjerjed, v-za, vljevo (v-ljevjeje, naljevo), vpravo (v-pravjeje, napravo), otkuda-adverbǐ as z-nad (from above), iz-pod (from below), iznutri, izvnje, iz-ljevjeje, iz-pravjeje, iz_pjerjed, iz-za presuppose the presence of an object expressed by a noun or pronoun. The noun or pronoun indicating this object usually comes after the adverb:

  • vnutri zdanije (inside the building)

Often adverbs of place can be replaced by prepositions.

Correspondence of adverbs and prepositions

Adverb

Pretext

vnutri

v, po

vǐše

nad, po-nad

niže

pod, po-pod

vpjerjedi

pjerjed, po-pjerjed

szadi

za, po-za

vnutrj

v

vovnje

iz

iznutri

iz

izvnje

v

The preposition “po” or the element of the compound preposition “po-” denotes the area of space in which an object moves (the location of the moving object).

In LPQR, the difference between adverbs of place and the corresponding prepositions is that the same preposition can have several meanings (for example, the propüosition  “v” means being inside an object, moving inside an object, and being inside a time interval), while adverbs of place are almost always unambiguous.

In most cases, it is recommended to use prepositions rather than adverbs before nouns and pronouns. Adverbs are recommended if the object in the phrase is not named directly, but only implied (Mǐ vošol vnutrj - We went inside) or vice versa, if it is necessary to emphasize that the event is happening in the place indicated relative to the object (inside the object, above, below, to the left, to the right, in front, behind).

  • Oskolki ot snarjad bǐl najdjen i vnutri zdanije i vokrug etovo. - Shrapnel from the shell was found both inside and around the building.



Adverbs of time

Tempora adverbǐ

Adverbs of time in LPQR include the following groups:

Kogda-adverbǐ (adverbs of time indicating the moment):

  • Togda (then)

  • sjejčjas (now)

  • potom (later)

Prescriptive adverbs of time (adverbs of time indicating time of passage):

  • davno (a long time ago)

  • njedavno (recently)

Duracǐja-adverbǐ (adverbs of time indicating duration):

  • dolgo (long)

  • njedolgo (not for long)

Preduracǐja-adverbǐ (adverbs of time indicating expected duration):

  • nadolgo (for a long time)

  • njenadolgo (not for long)

  • navsjegda (forever)

Frequenz-adverbǐ (adverbs of time indicating frequency):

  • never (never)

  • inogda (sometimes)

  • rjedko (rarely)

  • čjasto (often)

  • vsjegda (always)

In the LPQR language, the time of day is indicated not by adverbs, but by constructions with the preposition "v" + noun:

  • in the morning — v eto utro

  • during the day — v eto djenj

  • in the evening - v eto vječjer

  • at night - at this night

The words "včjera", "sjevodnja", "zavtra" are nouns in the LPQR language:

  • Yesterday was Petya's birthday - Vo včjera bǐl roždjenj u Pjetja (roždjenj - birthday)

  • I haven't called him yet today - V sjevodnja ja ješjo nje telefoniroval s njevo

  • Tomorrow I'm leaving - V zavtra ja ujehatj




Adverbs of manner

How to advertise

Such adverbs define the manner or quality of an action, for example in the phrases:

  • On bǐstro bježat (He runs fast)

  • On horošo pisat  (He writes well)

  • On interesno razskazǐvat (he  narrates interestingly)

  • On ponjatno ob’jasnjat(He explains clearly)

  • On vnimatjeljno slušat (He listens attentively)

RULE:

Adverbs of manner in a sentence always come before the verb to which they refer.

Adverbs of manner often end in -o.
Many of them have corresponding adjectives:

  • bǐstro – bǐstrǐj (quick – fast)

  • horošo – horošij (well – good)