Subordinating conjunctions

SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (KONIUNKCǏI SUBORDINATE)

Conjunctions of action conditions

Conjunctions “jesli,” “to”

 Examples:

• Jesli ja nje ponimat, ja sprašivat.

  • If I don't understand, I ask.

• Jesli ja nje ponimat, to ja sprašivat.

  • If I don't understand, I ask.

• Ja sprašivat, jesli nje ponimat.

  • I ask if I don't understand.

Real conditions

Examples:

• Jesli nagrjetj voda do sto gradǐ, eto načinat kipjetj.

  • If you heat water to one hundred degrees, it begins to boil.

• Jesli tǐ uže rješil vsje zadači, to mogti domoj.

  • If you have already solved all the problems, you can go home.

• Jesli ja budjet razrjezatj quadrat po diagonala, to budjet dva triangulǐ.

  • If I cut a square diagonally, I get two triangles.

The conjunction "jesli bǐ" (if)

The conjunction "jesli bǐ" is used to indicate possible conditions of an action that have not occurred or will not occur. In this case, the verb is used in the first form of the past tense (preterite).

Example:

• Jesli bǐ ja imjel zont, ja vǐšol bǐ vovnje.

  • If I had an umbrella, I would go outside.

Conjunctions of causation

potomučto 

- in a compound sentence, it begins a subordinate clause that describes the cause of the phenomenon described in the main clause. Most often, a subordinate clause with "potomučto" follows the main clause.

Students understand teachers well because teachers speak slowly and loudly.
Studentǐ horoṧo ponimat prepodavatjelj, potomučto prepodavatjelj mjedljeno i gromko govorit

He passed the exam successfully because he studied a lot.
On uspešno vǐdjeržal eto examen, potomučto očjenj mnogo učil.

We stayed home because it was raining heavily.
Mǐ ostalsja doma, potomučto siljnǐj doždj bǐl.

takkak

 - in a compound sentence, it begins a subordinate clause that describes the cause of the phenomenon described in the main clause. Most often, a subordinate clause with "takkak" comes before the main clause.

Takkak na ulica bǐl holod, mǐ rešil nadetj tjoplǐj odežda.
Since it was cold outside, we decided to put on warm clothes.

.

Since Ivan didn't show up for the meeting, another employee presented
the project.
Takkak Ivan nje pojavilsja na soveštanije, drugoj kolega prjedstavljal proekt.

Since we didn't have time to cook, we decided to buy ready-made food.
Takkak mǐ nje imjel vremja na kulinaria, mǐ rešil kupitj gotovǐj jeda.

potomu, poetomu  

- stands at the beginning of a subordinate clause describing the consequence of the cause described in the main clause

He was busy, so he couldn't come.

On bǐl zanjat potomu nje smog priidti.

The union of transmitting indirect speech, reproducing thoughts, feelings

čjto

The conjunction “čjto” is used to replace direct speech with indirect speech, if the direct speech is a declarative sentence.

,

The conjunction "čjto" can also be used to convey orders or suggestions, but not requests. In this case, the conjunction "čjto" appears at the beginning of the subordinate clause and is followed by the word " dolžen" ( to do something). and the infinitive of the verb.

Example:

The teacher said that the students should bring their notebooks for the test. - Učitjelj skazal, čjto učjeniki dolžen prinjesti tjetradi dlja kontroljnǐj rabota.

The conjunction “čjto” also expresses a person’s feelings and thoughts.

Examples:

Union of target relationship

čjtobǐ

This conjunction stands at the beginning of a subordinate clause or infinitive phrase and indicates an action that is the goal of another action:

If the main and subordinate clauses have different subjects, a complete subordinate clause with a verb in the past tense is used.

If the subject is the same, a phrase with an infinitive is used:

The preposition “čjtobǐ” is also used to express the desirability of some event or state and as a conjunction of indirect speech.

Expression of desirability - Example:

In indirect speech, the conjunction "čjtobǐ" expresses various kinds of urges: a command, a suggestion, a request.
Two cases are possible:

1. A subordinate clause beginning with the conjunction "čtobǐ" has a subject—a noun or pronoun—designating the recipient of the urge.
   In this case, the verb in the preterite (first form of the past tense) becomes the predicate.
   Examples:

2. The addressee of the urge is indicated in the main clause.
   In this case, the infinitive of the verb is used in the subordinate clause. The conjunction "čjtobǐ" can be omitted.
   Examples:

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