Transitive and intransitive verbs
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In LPQR language, verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive verbs.
Transitive verbs in LPQR can be used with a direct object (without a preposition). Intransitive verbs can be used either without an object or with an indirect object (with a preposition). As in Russian, transitive verbs denote an action of the subject directed at an object, in which the object is created, changed, destroyed, moved, or remains unchanged. Transitive verbs can also denote the sensory perception of an object and the attitude toward it. Intransitive verbs describe the subject's state—physical, mental, or emotional—the subject's movement, their position in space, the manifestation or change of some characteristic, or the manifestation of the subject's properties, qualities, or abilities, professional or non-professional occupation. Everything is as in Russian. However, these rules are followed more consistently.
In Russian, verbs that can be used with an accusative object are considered transitive. In LPQR, nouns have no cases.
Transitive verbs of the LPQR language correspond to Russian verbs requiring the accusative case and some Russian verbs requiring the instrumental and dative cases.
English | Russian | Notes | Notes | LPQR |
• I am reading a book. | • Я читаю книгу. | In Russian, it is the accusative case. | Ja čitat kniga | |
• He bought bread. | • Он купил хлеб. | On kupil hljeb | ||
• Mom is cooking delicious soup. | • Мама варит вкусный суп. | Mama varit vkusnǐj supa | ||
• We are studying Russian. | • Мы изучаем русский язык. | Mǐ izučat lingva-ruskij | ||
• Grandfather brought water from the well. | • Дедушка принёс воду из колодца. | Djeduška prinjos voda iz kolodjec | ||
• Builders are building a new bridge. | • Строители возводят новый мост. | Stroitjeli stroit novǐj most | ||
• I didn’t write the letter (the action moves to the object when negated). | • Я не написал письмо (действие переходит на предмет при отрицании). | Ja nje napisal pisjmo | ||
Zander waved his handkerchief to get my attention. | Зандер, привлекая мое внимание, махал платком | In Russian, it is the instrumental case. | Zander mahal svoj platok, čtobĭ pritjanutj vnimanije-u-mjenje | |
He nodded his head in agreement. | Он кивнул головой в знак согласия | On kivnul golova kak soglasije. Golova-u-njevo bĭl kivnut kak soglasije | ||
The wind grew stronger and the pine trees moved their branches | Ветер усиливался и сосны шевелили своими ветками | Vjetjer ros i pinusĭ ševjelil svoj vetki | ||
He turned out to be the winner. | Он оказался победителем. | On okazalsja pobjeditelj | ||
She is considered an expert. | Онa считается экспертом | Ona sčitatsja expert | ||
The young man is interested in butterflies | Юноша интересуется бабочками | гiлагол “intjerjesovatjsja” в язык LPQR - transitional | Etot parjenj intjerjesovatsja lepidǐ | |
The driver is driving the car | Водитель управляет машиной | Relationships of management, leadership, and ownership can also be expressed by transitive verbs | Voditelj upravljat auto | |
The director runs the plant | Директор руководит заводом | Etot direktor rukovodit zavod | ||
The general commands the parade | Генерал командует парадом | Etot general komandovat parad. | ||
The translator speaks many languages. | Переводчик владеет многими языками | Etot perevodčik imjet mnogo lingvǐ | ||
Anton owns the house | Антону принадлежит дом | In Russian, it is the dative case. | The relationship of belonging, in the meaning of “being someone’s property, being in someone’s possession,” is also expressed by a transitive verb | Dom prinadlježat Anton |
English | LPQR |
• The child is sleeping. | Etot djetj spat |
•We're going to the cinema. | Mǐ idti v kino |
• The sun is shining brightly. | Sol jarko svjetit |
• I'm in a hurry for a meeting. | Ja toropitsja dlja vstrječa |
• The trees grew in the garden. | Arborǐ ros v sad |
• He was ill for a long time. | On dolgo boljel |
Many verbs, depending on the context, can be either transitive or intransitive.
as a transitive verb | as an intransitive verb | Notes | |
Read Čitatj | I am reading a book Ja čitat kniga | The child already knows how to read Djetj uže umjet čitatj | |
Write Write | She is writing a letter Ona pisat pisjmo | She writes beautifully She writes beautifully | |
There is (eat) Kušatj | Children are eating porridge Djeti kušat kaša | The children have already eaten, they don’t want to eat anymore. Djeti uže pokušal, oni nje hotjet ješjo kušatj | |
Belong Prinadlježatj | Anton owns the house Dom prinadlježat Anton | Belong to a party Prinadlježatj k partija | Membership in a group is described using the prepositions “k” and “na” |
“to follow” to follow something - sljedovatj + <direct object> | follow moral standards sledovatj normǐ u moral | follow the chosen path - sljedovatj po putj,kotorǐj izbran |
More examples of sentences with transitive verbs (In Russian, the corresponding verbs are intransitive)
Verb | English | LPQR | Notes |
cope (with something) spravitj (čto-to) | Cope with the work | spravitj rabota | |
achieve dostignutj | Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore | mǐ-mučjen-grjazjen-mokr dostig eto berjeg nakonec | |
want želatj | All relatives and friends who attended Tatyana's wedding unanimously wished her happiness. | Vsje rodstvenniki i drugi, kto bǐl na svadjba u Tatj'jana, vmestje želal sčastj'je dlja njej | |
wish poželatj | Have a nice trip | Poželatj sčastlivǐj putj | |
Touch (process) kasatjsja | The blades of grass touched my face dryly and tickled. | Suhoj travinki kasalsja jejo lico i šjekotal | Verbs of touch in LPQR are transitive |
touch (result) kosnutjsja | Marya Vasilievna lightly touched the keys with cold fingers. | Marija Vasilj'jevna čjutj-kosnulsja klavišǐ s holodnǐj paljcǐ | |
take on bratjsja | Galkin had a strange habit: when he was worried, he would grab his lower back with his hand and twist it. | Galkin imjel strannǐj privǐčka: kogda volnovalsja, on bralsja pojasnica s ruka i krutil eto. | |
take on vzjatjsja | Seeking support, the wounded man took hold of his comrade's hand | Čtobǐ najti opora, etot ranjenǐj homo vzjalsja ruka u tovarišj | |
grab hvatatjsja | A drowning man clutches at a straw | Tot, kto tonut, hvatatsja stjebjelj u soloma | |
grab shvatitjsja | The bus jerked forward and I barely managed to grab the handrail. | Autobus rjezko dvinulsja ot svoj mesto i ja jedva uspjel shvatitjsja poručjenj |
In LPQR, in almost all cases, a direct object can be replaced by an indirect object with a preposition without loss of meaning.
The rector demands discipline from students Etot rektor trebovat discîplina ot studentǐ
Etot rektor trebovat ot studentî na discîplina
If a transitive verb acts as a predicate in a sentence, it can have no more than one direct object and several indirect objects, and the direct object must be located immediately after the verb.
When using transitive verbs, the choice between a direct and indirect object is often a matter of style rather than grammatical rules. A number of verbs, such as rješatj, rješitj (to decide); polagatjsja, položǐtjsja (to reli); vlijatj (to influece); zavisjetj (to depend); žalovatjsja, požalovatjsja (to complain); otčitǐvatjsja, otčitatjsja (to report), can also be used with a direct object, but in most situations, this is not recommended.
Example:
“The commander decided to storm.”
This phrase can be translated as " Etot kommandeur rješilsja šturm" But it's better to say " Etot kommandeur rješilsja na turm " The transitivity of verbs and the choice between direct and indirect objects depends heavily on the semantic meaning of the verb.
The verbs "statj " and " stanovitjsja " are intransitive in the LPQR language because they denote a change in the subject. More precisely, they denote a transformation of the subject and are therefore used with the preposition " v" ( See the section "Prepositions v, na" ).
After many years of study, he became a doctor.
Poslje mnogo godǐ kogda on učilsja, on stal vo vračj