Past tense of regular and irregular verbs
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Past tense of regular and irregular verbs
In LPQR verbs are divided into regular and irregular. All ti-verbs are irregular. Most tj-verbs are regular, but there are exceptions among them.
Past tense forms
In LPQR, verbs in the past tense have two forms:
Form I (preterite) - corresponds to the past tense of the Russian language. Unlike Russian, it does not change according to gender and number.
Form II (participle) - corresponds to the short passive past participle in Russian. It is used to express the passive voice.
Form I (preterite)
Regular verbs:
Form I of regular verbs is formed by dropping the ending -tj from the infinitive and adding the ending -l to the stem.
Examples:
čitatj → čital (to read (imperfective))
pročitatj → pročital to read (perfective))
Irregular verbs:
Form I of irregular verbs is formed not according to the general rule, but according to the forms available in the real Russian language.
Examples:
| carry - carried carry - carried grow - grew be able - could lie down - lay down lead - led blossom - blossomed lock - locked sit down - sat down go - went |
Form II (participle, particip)
The participle is used to express the passive voice. Unlike the Russian language, the participle does not change in gender and number and does not agree with nouns.
Examples:
The store is open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. - Eto magazin otkrǐt ot 9 do 19-čas.
This place is taken. - Eto mjesto vzjat.
The road was covered with ice. - Eto doroga bǐl pokrǐt s ljod.
The work was completed on time. - Eto rabota vǐpolnjen vsrok.
The novel was written by a German writer. - Eto roman napisan ot pisatjelj iz Deutschland.
This letter was received from my parents. - Eto pisjmo polučjen ot roditjeli-u-mjenje.
Petersburg was founded in the 18th century by Peter the Great. - Pjetjerburg bǐl osnovan v vjek 18. ot Pjotr Pervǐj.
The task will be completed by me in 2 days. - Zadanije budjet sdjelan čjerez 2 deni.
Participle formation:
The stem of the tj-verb is formed by dropping the ending -tj from the infinitive.
The suffix -jen is added if the stem ends in a consonant or -i.
The suffix -n is added if the stem ends in any other vowel.
Examples:
English | LPQR Infinitive | LPQR Participle |
to submit (perfective) | podatj | podan |
to illuminate (perfective) | osvetitj | osvetjen |
to sow (imperfective) | sjejatj | sjejan |
to sow (perfective) | posejatj | posejajan |
to wear (perfective) | nositj | nosjen |
to complete (perfective) | zavjeršitj | zavjerṧon |
to pick up (perfective) | podobratj | podobran |
to write (perfective) | napisatj | napisan |
to see (perfective) | uvidjetj | uvidjen |
to tune (perfective) | nastroitj | nastroijen |
to shoot (perfective) | zastrjelitj | zastrjelijen |
It is allowed to replace the letter combination ij with j, for example:
nastroijen → nastrojen
zastrjelijen → zastrjelijen
When forming a participle, the last sound often alternates with the verb stem. Such sequence alternations in verbs ending in -itj, as well as in the verb "obidjetj" if the last consonant in the verb stem is "b," "d," "m," "p," "s," "t," "v," or "z." (The verb "obidjetj" can be written as "obiditj")
English | LPQR infinitive | LPQR Participle |
d ->ž (with this alternation, the suffix ”-jen” changes to “- en”) d->žd | ||
to offend Und | obidjetj, obiditj
| obižen
|
to excite
| vozbuditj
| vozbuždjen
|
to awaken
| razbuditj
| razbuždjen, razbužen
|
to fence
| ograditj
| ograždjen
|
to reward
| nagraditj
| nagraždjen
|
to reward
| voznagraditj
| voznagraždjen
|
to set down
| osaditj
| osaždjen
|
to defeat
| pobjeditj
| pobježdjen
|
to see off
| provoditj
| provoždjen
|
to give birth
| roditj
| roždjen
|
to liberate
| osvoboditj
| osvoboždjen
|
to convince
| ubjeditj
| ubježdjen
|
to dissuade
| razubjeditj
| razubježdjen
|
to warn
| prjeduprjeditj
| prjeduprježdjen
|
to cool
| ohladitj
| ohlaždjen
|
| ||
to hang
| povjesitj
| povješen
|
to decorate
| ukrasitj
| ukrašen
|
to throw
| brositj
| brošen
|
st -> š
| ||
to forgive
| prostitj
| > prošjen
|
to release
| vǐpustitj
| > vǐpušjen
|
to place
| pomjestitj
| > pomješjen
|
to lower
| opustitj
| > opušjen
|
to let
| pustitj
| > pušjen
|
to skip
| propustitj
| > propusjen
|
t -> č | ||
to shorten
| ukorotitj
| > ukoročjen
|
to pay
| zaplatitj
| > zaplačjen
|
to transform
| prjevratitj
| > prjevrašjen
|
to absorb
| poglotitj
| > poglošjen
|
to protect
| zašititj
| > zašišjen
|
to stop
| prjekratitj
| > prjekrašjen
|
to outrage
| vozmutitj
| > vozmušjen
|
to confuse
| smutitj
| > smušjen
|
to embody
| voplotitj
| >voplošjen
|
to enslave
| porabotitj
| > porabošjen
|
to illuminate
| osvjetitj
| osvješjen
|
to dedicate
| posvjatitj
| posvjašjen
|
to delight
| voshititj
| voshišjen
|
to abduct
| pohititj
| pohišjen
|
z -> ž
| ||
to load
| nagruzitj
| > nagružen
|
to pierce
| pronzitj
| pronžen (this differs from Russian)
|
epithesis: b -> bl m -> ml p -> pl | ||
to insult
| oskorbitj
| > oskorbljen
|
to feed
| nakormitj
| > nakormljen
|
to buy
| kupitj
| kupljen
|
to force
| zastavitj
| zastavljen
|
Let's not forget: the stress in the participles as in almost all words in the LPQR language, falls on the penultimate syllable (not the last one)
There are verbs that form the participle not according to the rules stated above.
These are ti-verbs and a group of tj-verbs that form a participle with the suffix "-t"
Partiziples of ti-verbs
to find | najti | najdjen |
to lead (perfective) | privjesti | privjedjen (the participle of verbs such as <prefix>+“vjesti” is formed similarly) |
to carry in hands or on back (perfective) | prinjesti | prinjesjen (the participle of verbs such as <prefix>+“njesti” is formed similarly) |
to pronounce (perffective) | proiznjesti | proiznjesjen, |
to bring by vehicle (perfective) | privjezti | privjezjen (the participle of verbs such as <prefix>+“vjezti” is formed similarly) |
to save (perffective) | spasti | spasjon |
to purchase (perffective) | priobrjesti | priobrjetjon |
to produce (perffective) | proizvjesti | proizvjedjen |
to shake (perffective) | potrjasti | potrjasjon |
Some tj-verbs form a participle with the suffix “-t”
to prick (perfective) | nakolotj | nakolot |
to achieve (perfective) | dostignutj | dostignut |
to stretch out (perfective) | protjanutj | protjanut |
to bring back (perfective) | vjernutj | vjernut |
to underscore (perfective) | podčjerknutj | podčjerknut |
lto lock up (perfective) | zapjerjetj | zapjert |
to wipe (perfective) | vǐtjerjetj | vǐtjert |
to put on (clothes or shoes) (perfective) | nadjetj | nadjet |
to live through (perfective) | prožitj | prožit |
to take off (perfective) | snjatj | snjat |
to take (perfective) | vzjatj | vzjat |
to beat (perfective) | pobitj | pobit |
to wash (perfective) | vǐmǐtj | vǐmǐt |
to shave (perfective) | pobritj | pobrit |
to sing (perfective) | spjetj | spjet |
to hammer (perfective) | zabǐtj | zabǐt |